Theory Borel_Space

(*  Title:      HOL/Analysis/Borel_Space.thy
    Author:     Johannes Hölzl, TU München
    Author:     Armin Heller, TU München
*)

section ‹Borel Space›

theory Borel_Space
imports
  Measurable Derivative Ordered_Euclidean_Space Extended_Real_Limits
begin

lemma is_interval_real_ereal_oo: "is_interval (real_of_ereal ` {N<..<M::ereal})"
  by (auto simp: real_atLeastGreaterThan_eq)

lemma sets_Collect_eventually_sequentially[measurable]:
  "(i. {xspace M. P x i}  sets M)  {xspace M. eventually (P x) sequentially}  sets M"
  unfolding eventually_sequentially by simp

lemma topological_basis_trivial: "topological_basis {A. open A}"
  by (auto simp: topological_basis_def)

proposition open_prod_generated: "open = generate_topology {A × B | A B. open A  open B}"
proof -
  have "{A × B :: ('a × 'b) set | A B. open A  open B} = ((λ(a, b). a × b) ` ({A. open A} × {A. open A}))"
    by auto
  then show ?thesis
    by (auto intro: topological_basis_prod topological_basis_trivial topological_basis_imp_subbasis)
qed

proposition mono_on_imp_deriv_nonneg:
  assumes mono: "mono_on A f" and deriv: "(f has_real_derivative D) (at x)"
  assumes "x  interior A"
  shows "D  0"
proof (rule tendsto_lowerbound)
  let ?A' = "(λy. y - x) ` interior A"
  from deriv show "((λh. (f (x + h) - f x) / h)  D) (at 0)"
      by (simp add: field_has_derivative_at has_field_derivative_def)
  from mono have mono': "mono_on (interior A) f" by (rule mono_on_subset) (rule interior_subset)

  show "eventually (λh. (f (x + h) - f x) / h  0) (at 0)"
  proof (subst eventually_at_topological, intro exI conjI ballI impI)
    have "open (interior A)" by simp
    hence "open ((+) (-x) ` interior A)" by (rule open_translation)
    also have "((+) (-x) ` interior A) = ?A'" by auto
    finally show "open ?A'" .
  next
    from x  interior A show "0  ?A'" by auto
  next
    fix h assume "h  ?A'"
    hence "x + h  interior A" by auto
    with mono' and x  interior A show "(f (x + h) - f x) / h  0"
      by (cases h rule: linorder_cases[of _ 0])
         (simp_all add: divide_nonpos_neg divide_nonneg_pos mono_onD field_simps)
  qed
qed simp

proposition mono_on_ctble_discont:
  fixes f :: "real  real"
  fixes A :: "real set"
  assumes "mono_on A f"
  shows "countable {aA. ¬ continuous (at a within A) f}"
proof -
  have mono: "x y. x  A  y  A  x  y  f x  f y"
    using mono_on A f by (simp add: mono_on_def)
  have "a  {aA. ¬ continuous (at a within A) f}. q :: nat × rat.
      (fst q = 0  of_rat (snd q) < f a  (x  A. x < a  f x < of_rat (snd q))) 
      (fst q = 1  of_rat (snd q) > f a  (x  A. x > a  f x > of_rat (snd q)))"
  proof (clarsimp simp del: One_nat_def)
    fix a assume "a  A" assume "¬ continuous (at a within A) f"
    thus "q1 q2.
            q1 = 0  real_of_rat q2 < f a  (xA. x < a  f x < real_of_rat q2) 
            q1 = 1  f a < real_of_rat q2  (xA. a < x  real_of_rat q2 < f x)"
    proof (auto simp add: continuous_within order_tendsto_iff eventually_at)
      fix l assume "l < f a"
      then obtain q2 where q2: "l < of_rat q2" "of_rat q2 < f a"
        using of_rat_dense by blast
      assume * [rule_format]: "d>0. xA. x  a  dist x a < d  ¬ l < f x"
      from q2 have "real_of_rat q2 < f a  (xA. x < a  f x < real_of_rat q2)"
      proof auto
        fix x assume "x  A" "x < a"
        with q2 *[of "a - x"] show "f x < real_of_rat q2"
          apply (auto simp add: dist_real_def not_less)
          apply (subgoal_tac "f x  f xa")
          by (auto intro: mono)
      qed
      thus ?thesis by auto
    next
      fix u assume "u > f a"
      then obtain q2 where q2: "f a < of_rat q2" "of_rat q2 < u"
        using of_rat_dense by blast
      assume *[rule_format]: "d>0. xA. x  a  dist x a < d  ¬ u > f x"
      from q2 have "real_of_rat q2 > f a  (xA. x > a  f x > real_of_rat q2)"
      proof auto
        fix x assume "x  A" "x > a"
        with q2 *[of "x - a"] show "f x > real_of_rat q2"
          apply (auto simp add: dist_real_def)
          apply (subgoal_tac "f x  f xa")
          by (auto intro: mono)
      qed
      thus ?thesis by auto
    qed
  qed
  then obtain g :: "real  nat × rat" where "a  {aA. ¬ continuous (at a within A) f}.
      (fst (g a) = 0  of_rat (snd (g a)) < f a  (x  A. x < a  f x < of_rat (snd (g a)))) |
      (fst (g a) = 1  of_rat (snd (g a)) > f a  (x  A. x > a  f x > of_rat (snd (g a))))"
    by (rule bchoice [THEN exE]) blast
  hence g: "a x. a  A  ¬ continuous (at a within A) f  x  A 
      (fst (g a) = 0  of_rat (snd (g a)) < f a  (x < a  f x < of_rat (snd (g a)))) |
      (fst (g a) = 1  of_rat (snd (g a)) > f a  (x > a  f x > of_rat (snd (g a))))"
    by auto
  have "inj_on g {aA. ¬ continuous (at a within A) f}"
  proof (auto simp add: inj_on_def)
    fix w z
    assume 1: "w  A" and 2: "¬ continuous (at w within A) f" and
           3: "z  A" and 4: "¬ continuous (at z within A) f" and
           5: "g w = g z"
    from g [OF 1 2 3] g [OF 3 4 1] 5
    show "w = z" by auto
  qed
  thus ?thesis
    by (rule countableI')
qed

lemma mono_on_ctble_discont_open:
  fixes f :: "real  real"
  fixes A :: "real set"
  assumes "open A" "mono_on A f"
  shows "countable {aA. ¬isCont f a}"
proof -
  have "{aA. ¬isCont f a} = {aA. ¬(continuous (at a within A) f)}"
    by (auto simp add: continuous_within_open [OF _ open A])
  thus ?thesis
    apply (elim ssubst)
    by (rule mono_on_ctble_discont, rule assms)
qed

lemma mono_ctble_discont:
  fixes f :: "real  real"
  assumes "mono f"
  shows "countable {a. ¬ isCont f a}"
  using assms mono_on_ctble_discont [of UNIV f] unfolding mono_on_def mono_def by auto

lemma has_real_derivative_imp_continuous_on:
  assumes "x. x  A  (f has_real_derivative f' x) (at x)"
  shows "continuous_on A f"
  apply (intro differentiable_imp_continuous_on, unfold differentiable_on_def)
  using assms differentiable_at_withinI real_differentiable_def by blast

lemma continuous_interval_vimage_Int:
  assumes "continuous_on {a::real..b} g" and mono: "x y. a  x  x  y  y  b  g x  g y"
  assumes "a  b" "(c::real)  d" "{c..d}  {g a..g b}"
  obtains c' d' where "{a..b}  g -` {c..d} = {c'..d'}" "c'  d'" "g c' = c" "g d' = d"
proof-
  let ?A = "{a..b}  g -` {c..d}"
  from IVT'[of g a c b, OF _ _ a  b assms(1)] assms(4,5)
  obtain c'' where c'': "c''  ?A" "g c'' = c" by auto
  from IVT'[of g a d b, OF _ _ a  b assms(1)] assms(4,5)
  obtain d'' where d'': "d''  ?A" "g d'' = d" by auto
  hence [simp]: "?A  {}" by blast

  define c' where "c' = Inf ?A"
  define d' where "d' = Sup ?A"
  have "?A  {c'..d'}" unfolding c'_def d'_def
    by (intro subsetI) (auto intro: cInf_lower cSup_upper)
  moreover from assms have "closed ?A"
    using continuous_on_closed_vimage[of "{a..b}" g] by (subst Int_commute) simp
  hence c'd'_in_set: "c'  ?A" "d'  ?A" unfolding c'_def d'_def
    by ((intro closed_contains_Inf closed_contains_Sup, simp_all)[])+
  hence "{c'..d'}  ?A" using assms
    by (intro subsetI)
       (auto intro!: order_trans[of c "g c'" "g x" for x] order_trans[of "g x" "g d'" d for x]
             intro!: mono)
  moreover have "c'  d'" using c'd'_in_set(2) unfolding c'_def by (intro cInf_lower) auto
  moreover have "g c'  c" "g d'  d"
    apply (insert c'' d'' c'd'_in_set)
    apply (subst c''(2)[symmetric])
    apply (auto simp: c'_def intro!: mono cInf_lower c'') []
    apply (subst d''(2)[symmetric])
    apply (auto simp: d'_def intro!: mono cSup_upper d'') []
    done
  with c'd'_in_set have "g c' = c" "g d' = d" by auto
  ultimately show ?thesis using that by blast
qed

subsection ‹Generic Borel spaces›

definitiontag important› (in topological_space) borel :: "'a measure" where
  "borel = sigma UNIV {S. open S}"

abbreviation "borel_measurable M  measurable M borel"

lemma in_borel_measurable:
   "f  borel_measurable M 
    (S  sigma_sets UNIV {S. open S}. f -` S  space M  sets M)"
  by (auto simp add: measurable_def borel_def)

lemma in_borel_measurable_borel:
   "f  borel_measurable M 
    (S  sets borel.
      f -` S  space M  sets M)"
  by (auto simp add: measurable_def borel_def)

lemma space_borel[simp]: "space borel = UNIV"
  unfolding borel_def by auto

lemma space_in_borel[measurable]: "UNIV  sets borel"
  unfolding borel_def by auto

lemma sets_borel: "sets borel = sigma_sets UNIV {S. open S}"
  unfolding borel_def by (rule sets_measure_of) simp

lemma measurable_sets_borel:
    "f  measurable borel M; A  sets M  f -` A  sets borel"
  by (drule (1) measurable_sets) simp

lemma pred_Collect_borel[measurable (raw)]: "Measurable.pred borel P  {x. P x}  sets borel"
  unfolding borel_def pred_def by auto

lemma borel_open[measurable (raw generic)]:
  assumes "open A" shows "A  sets borel"
proof -
  have "A  {S. open S}" unfolding mem_Collect_eq using assms .
  thus ?thesis unfolding borel_def by auto
qed

lemma borel_closed[measurable (raw generic)]:
  assumes "closed A" shows "A  sets borel"
proof -
  have "space borel - (- A)  sets borel"
    using assms unfolding closed_def by (blast intro: borel_open)
  thus ?thesis by simp
qed

lemma borel_singleton[measurable]:
  "A  sets borel  insert x A  sets (borel :: 'a::t1_space measure)"
  unfolding insert_def by (rule sets.Un) auto

lemma sets_borel_eq_count_space: "sets (borel :: 'a::{countable, t2_space} measure) = count_space UNIV"
proof -
  have "(aA. {a})  sets borel" for A :: "'a set"
    by (intro sets.countable_UN') auto
  then show ?thesis
    by auto
qed

lemma borel_comp[measurable]: "A  sets borel  - A  sets borel"
  unfolding Compl_eq_Diff_UNIV by simp

lemma borel_measurable_vimage:
  fixes f :: "'a  'x::t2_space"
  assumes borel[measurable]: "f  borel_measurable M"
  shows "f -` {x}  space M  sets M"
  by simp

lemma borel_measurableI:
  fixes f :: "'a  'x::topological_space"
  assumes "S. open S  f -` S  space M  sets M"
  shows "f  borel_measurable M"
  unfolding borel_def
proof (rule measurable_measure_of, simp_all)
  fix S :: "'x set" assume "open S" thus "f -` S  space M  sets M"
    using assms[of S] by simp
qed

lemma borel_measurable_const:
  "(λx. c)  borel_measurable M"
  by auto

lemma borel_measurable_indicator:
  assumes A: "A  sets M"
  shows "indicator A  borel_measurable M"
  unfolding indicator_def [abs_def] using A
  by (auto intro!: measurable_If_set)

lemma borel_measurable_count_space[measurable (raw)]:
  "f  borel_measurable (count_space S)"
  unfolding measurable_def by auto

lemma borel_measurable_indicator'[measurable (raw)]:
  assumes [measurable]: "{xspace M. f x  A x}  sets M"
  shows "(λx. indicator (A x) (f x))  borel_measurable M"
  unfolding indicator_def[abs_def]
  by (auto intro!: measurable_If)

lemma borel_measurable_indicator_iff:
  "(indicator A :: 'a  'x::{t1_space, zero_neq_one})  borel_measurable M  A  space M  sets M"
    (is "?I  borel_measurable M  _")
proof
  assume "?I  borel_measurable M"
  then have "?I -` {1}  space M  sets M"
    unfolding measurable_def by auto
  also have "?I -` {1}  space M = A  space M"
    unfolding indicator_def [abs_def] by auto
  finally show "A  space M  sets M" .
next
  assume "A  space M  sets M"
  moreover have "?I  borel_measurable M 
    (indicator (A  space M) :: 'a  'x)  borel_measurable M"
    by (intro measurable_cong) (auto simp: indicator_def)
  ultimately show "?I  borel_measurable M" by auto
qed

lemma borel_measurable_subalgebra:
  assumes "sets N  sets M" "space N = space M" "f  borel_measurable N"
  shows "f  borel_measurable M"
  using assms unfolding measurable_def by auto

lemma borel_measurable_restrict_space_iff_ereal:
  fixes f :: "'a  ereal"
  assumes Ω[measurable, simp]: "Ω  space M  sets M"
  shows "f  borel_measurable (restrict_space M Ω) 
    (λx. f x * indicator Ω x)  borel_measurable M"
  by (subst measurable_restrict_space_iff)
     (auto simp: indicator_def of_bool_def if_distrib[where f="λx. a * x" for a] cong del: if_weak_cong)

lemma borel_measurable_restrict_space_iff_ennreal:
  fixes f :: "'a  ennreal"
  assumes Ω[measurable, simp]: "Ω  space M  sets M"
  shows "f  borel_measurable (restrict_space M Ω) 
    (λx. f x * indicator Ω x)  borel_measurable M"
  by (subst measurable_restrict_space_iff)
     (auto simp: indicator_def of_bool_def if_distrib[where f="λx. a * x" for a] cong del: if_weak_cong)

lemma borel_measurable_restrict_space_iff:
  fixes f :: "'a  'b::real_normed_vector"
  assumes Ω[measurable, simp]: "Ω  space M  sets M"
  shows "f  borel_measurable (restrict_space M Ω) 
    (λx. indicator Ω x *R f x)  borel_measurable M"
  by (subst measurable_restrict_space_iff)
     (auto simp: indicator_def of_bool_def if_distrib[where f="λx. x *R a" for a] ac_simps
       cong del: if_weak_cong)

lemma cbox_borel[measurable]: "cbox a b  sets borel"
  by (auto intro: borel_closed)

lemma box_borel[measurable]: "box a b  sets borel"
  by (auto intro: borel_open)

lemma borel_compact: "compact (A::'a::t2_space set)  A  sets borel"
  by (auto intro: borel_closed dest!: compact_imp_closed)

lemma borel_sigma_sets_subset:
  "A  sets borel  sigma_sets UNIV A  sets borel"
  using sets.sigma_sets_subset[of A borel] by simp

lemma borel_eq_sigmaI1:
  fixes F :: "'i  'a::topological_space set" and X :: "'a::topological_space set set"
  assumes borel_eq: "borel = sigma UNIV X"
  assumes X: "x. x  X  x  sets (sigma UNIV (F ` A))"
  assumes F: "i. i  A  F i  sets borel"
  shows "borel = sigma UNIV (F ` A)"
  unfolding borel_def
proof (intro sigma_eqI antisym)
  have borel_rev_eq: "sigma_sets UNIV {S::'a set. open S} = sets borel"
    unfolding borel_def by simp
  also have " = sigma_sets UNIV X"
    unfolding borel_eq by simp
  also have "  sigma_sets UNIV (F`A)"
    using X by (intro sigma_algebra.sigma_sets_subset[OF sigma_algebra_sigma_sets]) auto
  finally show "sigma_sets UNIV {S. open S}  sigma_sets UNIV (F`A)" .
  show "sigma_sets UNIV (F`A)  sigma_sets UNIV {S. open S}"
    unfolding borel_rev_eq using F by (intro borel_sigma_sets_subset) auto
qed auto

lemma borel_eq_sigmaI2:
  fixes F :: "'i  'j  'a::topological_space set"
    and G :: "'l  'k  'a::topological_space set"
  assumes borel_eq: "borel = sigma UNIV ((λ(i, j). G i j)`B)"
  assumes X: "i j. (i, j)  B  G i j  sets (sigma UNIV ((λ(i, j). F i j) ` A))"
  assumes F: "i j. (i, j)  A  F i j  sets borel"
  shows "borel = sigma UNIV ((λ(i, j). F i j) ` A)"
  using assms
  by (intro borel_eq_sigmaI1[where X="(λ(i, j). G i j) ` B" and F="(λ(i, j). F i j)"]) auto

lemma borel_eq_sigmaI3:
  fixes F :: "'i  'j  'a::topological_space set" and X :: "'a::topological_space set set"
  assumes borel_eq: "borel = sigma UNIV X"
  assumes X: "x. x  X  x  sets (sigma UNIV ((λ(i, j). F i j) ` A))"
  assumes F: "i j. (i, j)  A  F i j  sets borel"
  shows "borel = sigma UNIV ((λ(i, j). F i j) ` A)"
  using assms by (intro borel_eq_sigmaI1[where X=X and F="(λ(i, j). F i j)"]) auto

lemma borel_eq_sigmaI4:
  fixes F :: "'i  'a::topological_space set"
    and G :: "'l  'k  'a::topological_space set"
  assumes borel_eq: "borel = sigma UNIV ((λ(i, j). G i j)`A)"
  assumes X: "i j. (i, j)  A  G i j  sets (sigma UNIV (range F))"
  assumes F: "i. F i  sets borel"
  shows "borel = sigma UNIV (range F)"
  using assms by (intro borel_eq_sigmaI1[where X="(λ(i, j). G i j) ` A" and F=F]) auto

lemma borel_eq_sigmaI5:
  fixes F :: "'i  'j  'a::topological_space set" and G :: "'l  'a::topological_space set"
  assumes borel_eq: "borel = sigma UNIV (range G)"
  assumes X: "i. G i  sets (sigma UNIV (range (λ(i, j). F i j)))"
  assumes F: "i j. F i j  sets borel"
  shows "borel = sigma UNIV (range (λ(i, j). F i j))"
  using assms by (intro borel_eq_sigmaI1[where X="range G" and F="(λ(i, j). F i j)"]) auto

theorem second_countable_borel_measurable:
  fixes X :: "'a::second_countable_topology set set"
  assumes eq: "open = generate_topology X"
  shows "borel = sigma UNIV X"
  unfolding borel_def
proof (intro sigma_eqI sigma_sets_eqI)
  interpret X: sigma_algebra UNIV "sigma_sets UNIV X"
    by (rule sigma_algebra_sigma_sets) simp

  fix S :: "'a set" assume "S  Collect open"
  then have "generate_topology X S"
    by (auto simp: eq)
  then show "S  sigma_sets UNIV X"
  proof induction
    case (UN K)
    then have K: "k. k  K  open k"
      unfolding eq by auto
    from ex_countable_basis obtain B :: "'a set set" where
      B:  "b. b  B  open b" "X. open X  bB. (b) = X" and "countable B"
      by (auto simp: topological_basis_def)
    from B(2)[OF K] obtain m where m: "k. k  K  m k  B" "k. k  K  (m k) = k"
      by metis
    define U where "U = (kK. m k)"
    with m have "countable U"
      by (intro countable_subset[OF _ countable B]) auto
    have "U = (AU. A)" by simp
    also have " = K"
      unfolding U_def UN_simps by (simp add: m)
    finally have "U = K" .

    have "bU. kK. b  k"
      using m by (auto simp: U_def)
    then obtain u where u: "b. b  U  u b  K" and "b. b  U  b  u b"
      by metis
    then have "(bU. u b)  K" "U  (bU. u b)"
      by auto
    then have "K = (bU. u b)"
      unfolding U = K by auto
    also have "  sigma_sets UNIV X"
      using u UN by (intro X.countable_UN' countable U) auto
    finally show "K  sigma_sets UNIV X" .
  qed auto
qed (auto simp: eq intro: generate_topology.Basis)

lemma borel_eq_closed: "borel = sigma UNIV (Collect closed)"
  unfolding borel_def
proof (intro sigma_eqI sigma_sets_eqI, safe)
  fix x :: "'a set" assume "open x"
  hence "x = UNIV - (UNIV - x)" by auto
  also have "  sigma_sets UNIV (Collect closed)"
    by (force intro: sigma_sets.Compl simp: open x)
  finally show "x  sigma_sets UNIV (Collect closed)" by simp
next
  fix x :: "'a set" assume "closed x"
  hence "x = UNIV - (UNIV - x)" by auto
  also have "  sigma_sets UNIV (Collect open)"
    by (force intro: sigma_sets.Compl simp: closed x)
  finally show "x  sigma_sets UNIV (Collect open)" by simp
qed simp_all

proposition borel_eq_countable_basis:
  fixes B::"'a::topological_space set set"
  assumes "countable B"
  assumes "topological_basis B"
  shows "borel = sigma UNIV B"
  unfolding borel_def
proof (intro sigma_eqI sigma_sets_eqI, safe)
  interpret countable_basis "open" B using assms by (rule countable_basis_openI)
  fix X::"'a set" assume "open X"
  from open_countable_basisE[OF this] obtain B' where B': "B'  B" "X =  B'" .
  then show "X  sigma_sets UNIV B"
    by (blast intro: sigma_sets_UNION countable B countable_subset)
next
  fix b assume "b  B"
  hence "open b" by (rule topological_basis_open[OF assms(2)])
  thus "b  sigma_sets UNIV (Collect open)" by auto
qed simp_all

lemma borel_measurable_continuous_on_restrict:
  fixes f :: "'a::topological_space  'b::topological_space"
  assumes f: "continuous_on A f"
  shows "f  borel_measurable (restrict_space borel A)"
proof (rule borel_measurableI)
  fix S :: "'b set" assume "open S"
  with f obtain T where "f -` S  A = T  A" "open T"
    by (metis continuous_on_open_invariant)
  then show "f -` S  space (restrict_space borel A)  sets (restrict_space borel A)"
    by (force simp add: sets_restrict_space space_restrict_space)
qed

lemma borel_measurable_continuous_onI: "continuous_on UNIV f  f  borel_measurable borel"
  by (drule borel_measurable_continuous_on_restrict) simp

lemma borel_measurable_continuous_on_if:
  "A  sets borel  continuous_on A f  continuous_on (- A) g 
    (λx. if x  A then f x else g x)  borel_measurable borel"
  by (auto simp add: measurable_If_restrict_space_iff Collect_neg_eq
           intro!: borel_measurable_continuous_on_restrict)

lemma borel_measurable_continuous_countable_exceptions:
  fixes f :: "'a::t1_space  'b::topological_space"
  assumes X: "countable X"
  assumes "continuous_on (- X) f"
  shows "f  borel_measurable borel"
proof (rule measurable_discrete_difference[OF _ X])
  have "X  sets borel"
    by (rule sets.countable[OF _ X]) auto
  then show "(λx. if x  X then undefined else f x)  borel_measurable borel"
    by (intro borel_measurable_continuous_on_if assms continuous_intros)
qed auto

lemma borel_measurable_continuous_on:
  assumes f: "continuous_on UNIV f" and g: "g  borel_measurable M"
  shows "(λx. f (g x))  borel_measurable M"
  using measurable_comp[OF g borel_measurable_continuous_onI[OF f]] by (simp add: comp_def)

lemma borel_measurable_continuous_on_indicator:
  fixes f g :: "'a::topological_space  'b::real_normed_vector"
  shows "A  sets borel  continuous_on A f  (λx. indicator A x *R f x)  borel_measurable borel"
  by (subst borel_measurable_restrict_space_iff[symmetric])
     (auto intro: borel_measurable_continuous_on_restrict)

lemma borel_measurable_Pair[measurable (raw)]:
  fixes f :: "'a  'b::second_countable_topology" and g :: "'a  'c::second_countable_topology"
  assumes f[measurable]: "f  borel_measurable M"
  assumes g[measurable]: "g  borel_measurable M"
  shows "(λx. (f x, g x))  borel_measurable M"
proof (subst borel_eq_countable_basis)
  let ?B = "SOME B::'b set set. countable B  topological_basis B"
  let ?C = "SOME B::'c set set. countable B  topological_basis B"
  let ?P = "(λ(b, c). b × c) ` (?B × ?C)"
  show "countable ?P" "topological_basis ?P"
    by (auto intro!: countable_basis topological_basis_prod is_basis)

  show "(λx. (f x, g x))  measurable M (sigma UNIV ?P)"
  proof (rule measurable_measure_of)
    fix S assume "S  ?P"
    then obtain b c where "b  ?B" "c  ?C" and S: "S = b × c" by auto
    then have borel: "open b" "open c"
      by (auto intro: is_basis topological_basis_open)
    have "(λx. (f x, g x)) -` S  space M = (f -` b  space M)  (g -` c  space M)"
      unfolding S by auto
    also have "  sets M"
      using borel by simp
    finally show "(λx. (f x, g x)) -` S  space M  sets M" .
  qed auto
qed

lemma borel_measurable_continuous_Pair:
  fixes f :: "'a  'b::second_countable_topology" and g :: "'a  'c::second_countable_topology"
  assumes [measurable]: "f  borel_measurable M"
  assumes [measurable]: "g  borel_measurable M"
  assumes H: "continuous_on UNIV (λx. H (fst x) (snd x))"
  shows "(λx. H (f x) (g x))  borel_measurable M"
proof -
  have eq: "(λx. H (f x) (g x)) = (λx. (λx. H (fst x) (snd x)) (f x, g x))" by auto
  show ?thesis
    unfolding eq by (rule borel_measurable_continuous_on[OF H]) auto
qed

subsection ‹Borel spaces on order topologies›

lemma [measurable]:
  fixes a b :: "'a::linorder_topology"
  shows lessThan_borel: "{..< a}  sets borel"
    and greaterThan_borel: "{a <..}  sets borel"
    and greaterThanLessThan_borel: "{a<..<b}  sets borel"
    and atMost_borel: "{..a}  sets borel"
    and atLeast_borel: "{a..}  sets borel"
    and atLeastAtMost_borel: "{a..b}  sets borel"
    and greaterThanAtMost_borel: "{a<..b}  sets borel"
    and atLeastLessThan_borel: "{a..<b}  sets borel"
  unfolding greaterThanAtMost_def atLeastLessThan_def
  by (blast intro: borel_open borel_closed open_lessThan open_greaterThan open_greaterThanLessThan
                   closed_atMost closed_atLeast closed_atLeastAtMost)+

lemma borel_Iio:
  "borel = sigma UNIV (range lessThan :: 'a::{linorder_topology, second_countable_topology} set set)"
  unfolding second_countable_borel_measurable[OF open_generated_order]
proof (intro sigma_eqI sigma_sets_eqI)
  obtain D :: "'a set" where D: "countable D" "X. open X  X  {}  dD. d  X"
    by (rule countable_dense_setE) blast

  interpret L: sigma_algebra UNIV "sigma_sets UNIV (range lessThan)"
    by (rule sigma_algebra_sigma_sets) simp

  fix A :: "'a set" assume "A  range lessThan  range greaterThan"
  then obtain y where "A = {y <..}  A = {..< y}"
    by blast
  then show "A  sigma_sets UNIV (range lessThan)"
  proof
    assume A: "A = {y <..}"
    show ?thesis
    proof cases
      assume "x>y. d. y < d  d < x"
      with D(2)[of "{y <..< x}" for x] have "x>y. dD. y < d  d < x"
        by (auto simp: set_eq_iff)
      then have "A = UNIV - (d{dD. y < d}. {..< d})"
        by (auto simp: A) (metis less_asym)
      also have "  sigma_sets UNIV (range lessThan)"
        using D(1) by (intro L.Diff L.top L.countable_INT'') auto
      finally show ?thesis .
    next
      assume "¬ (x>y. d. y < d  d < x)"
      then obtain x where "y < x"  "d. y < d  ¬ d < x"
        by auto
      then have "A = UNIV - {..< x}"
        unfolding A by (auto simp: not_less[symmetric])
      also have "  sigma_sets UNIV (range lessThan)"
        by auto
      finally show ?thesis .
    qed
  qed auto
qed auto

lemma borel_Ioi:
  "borel = sigma UNIV (range greaterThan :: 'a::{linorder_topology, second_countable_topology} set set)"
  unfolding second_countable_borel_measurable[OF open_generated_order]
proof (intro sigma_eqI sigma_sets_eqI)
  obtain D :: "'a set" where D: "countable D" "X. open X  X  {}  dD. d  X"
    by (rule countable_dense_setE) blast

  interpret L: sigma_algebra UNIV "sigma_sets UNIV (range greaterThan)"
    by (rule sigma_algebra_sigma_sets) simp

  fix A :: "'a set" assume "A  range lessThan  range greaterThan"
  then obtain y where "A = {y <..}  A = {..< y}"
    by blast
  then show "A  sigma_sets UNIV (range greaterThan)"
  proof
    assume A: "A = {..< y}"
    show ?thesis
    proof cases
      assume "x<y. d. x < d  d < y"
      with D(2)[of "{x <..< y}" for x] have "x<y. dD. x < d  d < y"
        by (auto simp: set_eq_iff)
      then have "A = UNIV - (d{dD. d < y}. {d <..})"
        by (auto simp: A) (metis less_asym)
      also have "  sigma_sets UNIV (range greaterThan)"
        using D(1) by (intro L.Diff L.top L.countable_INT'') auto
      finally show ?thesis .
    next
      assume "¬ (x<y. d. x < d  d < y)"
      then obtain x where "x < y"  "d. y > d  x  d"
        by (auto simp: not_less[symmetric])
      then have "A = UNIV - {x <..}"
        unfolding A Compl_eq_Diff_UNIV[symmetric] by auto
      also have "  sigma_sets UNIV (range greaterThan)"
        by auto
      finally show ?thesis .
    qed
  qed auto
qed auto

lemma borel_measurableI_less:
  fixes f :: "'a  'b::{linorder_topology, second_countable_topology}"
  shows "(y. {xspace M. f x < y}  sets M)  f  borel_measurable M"
  unfolding borel_Iio
  by (rule measurable_measure_of) (auto simp: Int_def conj_commute)

lemma borel_measurableI_greater:
  fixes f :: "'a  'b::{linorder_topology, second_countable_topology}"
  shows "(y. {xspace M. y < f x}  sets M)  f  borel_measurable M"
  unfolding borel_Ioi
  by (rule measurable_measure_of) (auto simp: Int_def conj_commute)

lemma borel_measurableI_le:
  fixes f :: "'a  'b::{linorder_topology, second_countable_topology}"
  shows "(y. {xspace M. f x  y}  sets M)  f  borel_measurable M"
  by (rule borel_measurableI_greater) (auto simp: not_le[symmetric])

lemma borel_measurableI_ge:
  fixes f :: "'a  'b::{linorder_topology, second_countable_topology}"
  shows "(y. {xspace M. y  f x}  sets M)  f  borel_measurable M"
  by (rule borel_measurableI_less) (auto simp: not_le[symmetric])

lemma borel_measurable_less[measurable]:
  fixes f :: "'a  'b::{second_countable_topology, linorder_topology}"
  assumes "f  borel_measurable M"
  assumes "g  borel_measurable M"
  shows "{w  space M. f w < g w}  sets M"
proof -
  have "{w  space M. f w < g w} = (λx. (f x, g x)) -` {x. fst x < snd x}  space M"
    by auto
  also have "  sets M"
    by (intro measurable_sets[OF borel_measurable_Pair borel_open, OF assms open_Collect_less]
              continuous_intros)
  finally show ?thesis .
qed

lemma
  fixes f :: "'a  'b::{second_countable_topology, linorder_topology}"
  assumes f[measurable]: "f  borel_measurable M"
  assumes g[measurable]: "g  borel_measurable M"
  shows borel_measurable_le[measurable]: "{w  space M. f w  g w}  sets M"
    and borel_measurable_eq[measurable]: "{w  space M. f w = g w}  sets M"
    and borel_measurable_neq: "{w  space M. f w  g w}  sets M"
  unfolding eq_iff not_less[symmetric]
  by measurable

lemma borel_measurable_SUP[measurable (raw)]:
  fixes F :: "_  _  _::{complete_linorder, linorder_topology, second_countable_topology}"
  assumes [simp]: "countable I"
  assumes [measurable]: "i. i  I  F i  borel_measurable M"
  shows "(λx. SUP iI. F i x)  borel_measurable M"
  by (rule borel_measurableI_greater) (simp add: less_SUP_iff)

lemma borel_measurable_INF[measurable (raw)]:
  fixes F :: "_  _  _::{complete_linorder, linorder_topology, second_countable_topology}"
  assumes [simp]: "countable I"
  assumes [measurable]: "i. i  I  F i  borel_measurable M"
  shows "(λx. INF iI. F i x)  borel_measurable M"
  by (rule borel_measurableI_less) (simp add: INF_less_iff)

lemma borel_measurable_cSUP[measurable (raw)]:
  fixes F :: "_  _  'a::{conditionally_complete_linorder, linorder_topology, second_countable_topology}"
  assumes [simp]: "countable I"
  assumes [measurable]: "i. i  I  F i  borel_measurable M"
  assumes bdd: "x. x  space M  bdd_above ((λi. F i x) ` I)"
  shows "(λx. SUP iI. F i x)  borel_measurable M"
proof cases
  assume "I = {}" then show ?thesis
    unfolding I = {} image_empty by simp
next
  assume "I  {}"
  show ?thesis
  proof (rule borel_measurableI_le)
    fix y
    have "{x  space M. iI. F i x  y}  sets M"
      by measurable
    also have "{x  space M. iI. F i x  y} = {x  space M. (SUP iI. F i x)  y}"
      by (simp add: cSUP_le_iff I  {} bdd cong: conj_cong)
    finally show "{x  space M. (SUP iI. F i x)   y}  sets M"  .
  qed
qed

lemma borel_measurable_cINF[measurable (raw)]:
  fixes F :: "_  _  'a::{conditionally_complete_linorder, linorder_topology, second_countable_topology}"
  assumes [simp]: "countable I"
  assumes [measurable]: "i. i  I  F i  borel_measurable M"
  assumes bdd: "x. x  space M  bdd_below ((λi. F i x) ` I)"
  shows "(λx. INF iI. F i x)  borel_measurable M"
proof cases
  assume "I = {}" then show ?thesis
    unfolding I = {} image_empty by simp
next
  assume "I  {}"
  show ?thesis
  proof (rule borel_measurableI_ge)
    fix y
    have "{x  space M. iI. y  F i x}  sets M"
      by measurable
    also have "{x  space M. iI. y  F i x} = {x  space M. y  (INF iI. F i x)}"
      by (simp add: le_cINF_iff I  {} bdd cong: conj_cong)
    finally show "{x  space M. y  (INF iI. F i x)}  sets M"  .
  qed
qed

lemma borel_measurable_lfp[consumes 1, case_names continuity step]:
  fixes F :: "('a  'b)  ('a  'b::{complete_linorder, linorder_topology, second_countable_topology})"
  assumes "sup_continuous F"
  assumes *: "f. f  borel_measurable M  F f  borel_measurable M"
  shows "lfp F  borel_measurable M"
proof -
  { fix i have "((F ^^ i) bot)  borel_measurable M"
      by (induct i) (auto intro!: *) }
  then have "(λx. SUP i. (F ^^ i) bot x)  borel_measurable M"
    by measurable
  also have "(λx. SUP i. (F ^^ i) bot x) = (SUP i. (F ^^ i) bot)"
    by (auto simp add: image_comp)
  also have "(SUP i. (F ^^ i) bot) = lfp F"
    by (rule sup_continuous_lfp[symmetric]) fact
  finally show ?thesis .
qed

lemma borel_measurable_gfp[consumes 1, case_names continuity step]:
  fixes F :: "('a  'b)  ('a  'b::{complete_linorder, linorder_topology, second_countable_topology})"
  assumes "inf_continuous F"
  assumes *: "f. f  borel_measurable M  F f  borel_measurable M"
  shows "gfp F  borel_measurable M"
proof -
  { fix i have "((F ^^ i) top)  borel_measurable M"
      by (induct i) (auto intro!: * simp: bot_fun_def) }
  then have "(λx. INF i. (F ^^ i) top x)  borel_measurable M"
    by measurable
  also have "(λx. INF i. (F ^^ i) top x) = (INF i. (F ^^ i) top)"
    by (auto simp add: image_comp)
  also have " = gfp F"
    by (rule inf_continuous_gfp[symmetric]) fact
  finally show ?thesis .
qed

lemma borel_measurable_max[measurable (raw)]:
  "f  borel_measurable M  g  borel_measurable M  (λx. max (g x) (f x) :: 'b::{second_countable_topology, linorder_topology})  borel_measurable M"
  by (rule borel_measurableI_less) simp

lemma borel_measurable_min[measurable (raw)]:
  "f  borel_measurable M  g  borel_measurable M  (λx. min (g x) (f x) :: 'b::{second_countable_topology, linorder_topology})  borel_measurable M"
  by (rule borel_measurableI_greater) simp

lemma borel_measurable_Min[measurable (raw)]:
  "finite I  (i. i  I  f i  borel_measurable M)  (λx. Min ((λi. f i x)`I) :: 'b::{second_countable_topology, linorder_topology})  borel_measurable M"
proof (induct I rule: finite_induct)
  case (insert i I) then show ?case
    by (cases "I = {}") auto
qed auto

lemma borel_measurable_Max[measurable (raw)]:
  "finite I  (i. i  I  f i  borel_measurable M)  (λx. Max ((λi. f i x)`I) :: 'b::{second_countable_topology, linorder_topology})  borel_measurable M"
proof (induct I rule: finite_induct)
  case (insert i I) then show ?case
    by (cases "I = {}") auto
qed auto

lemma borel_measurable_sup[measurable (raw)]:
  "f  borel_measurable M  g  borel_measurable M  (λx. sup (g x) (f x) :: 'b::{lattice, second_countable_topology, linorder_topology})  borel_measurable M"
  unfolding sup_max by measurable

lemma borel_measurable_inf[measurable (raw)]:
  "f  borel_measurable M  g  borel_measurable M  (λx. inf (g x) (f x) :: 'b::{lattice, second_countable_topology, linorder_topology})  borel_measurable M"
  unfolding inf_min by measurable

lemma [measurable (raw)]:
  fixes f :: "nat  'a  'b::{complete_linorder, second_countable_topology, linorder_topology}"
  assumes "i. f i  borel_measurable M"
  shows borel_measurable_liminf: "(λx. liminf (λi. f i x))  borel_measurable M"
    and borel_measurable_limsup: "(λx. limsup (λi. f i x))  borel_measurable M"
  unfolding liminf_SUP_INF limsup_INF_SUP using assms by auto

lemma measurable_convergent[measurable (raw)]:
  fixes f :: "nat  'a  'b::{complete_linorder, second_countable_topology, linorder_topology}"
  assumes [measurable]: "i. f i  borel_measurable M"
  shows "Measurable.pred M (λx. convergent (λi. f i x))"
  unfolding convergent_ereal by measurable

lemma sets_Collect_convergent[measurable]:
  fixes f :: "nat  'a  'b::{complete_linorder, second_countable_topology, linorder_topology}"
  assumes f[measurable]: "i. f i  borel_measurable M"
  shows "{xspace M. convergent (λi. f i x)}  sets M"
  by measurable

lemma borel_measurable_lim[measurable (raw)]:
  fixes f :: "nat  'a  'b::{complete_linorder, second_countable_topology, linorder_topology}"
  assumes [measurable]: "i. f i  borel_measurable M"
  shows "(λx. lim (λi. f i x))  borel_measurable M"
proof -
  have "x. lim (λi. f i x) = (if convergent (λi. f i x) then limsup (λi. f i x) else (THE i. False))"
    by (simp add: lim_def convergent_def convergent_limsup_cl)
  then show ?thesis
    by simp
qed

lemma borel_measurable_LIMSEQ_order:
  fixes u :: "nat  'a  'b::{complete_linorder, second_countable_topology, linorder_topology}"
  assumes u': "x. x  space M  (λi. u i x)  u' x"
  and u: "i. u i  borel_measurable M"
  shows "u'  borel_measurable M"
proof -
  have "x. x  space M  u' x = liminf (λn. u n x)"
    using u' by (simp add: lim_imp_Liminf[symmetric])
  with u show ?thesis by (simp cong: measurable_cong)
qed

subsection ‹Borel spaces on topological monoids›

lemma borel_measurable_add[measurable (raw)]:
  fixes f g :: "'a  'b::{second_countable_topology, topological_monoid_add}"
  assumes f: "f  borel_measurable M"
  assumes g: "g  borel_measurable M"
  shows "(λx. f x + g x)  borel_measurable M"
  using f g by (rule borel_measurable_continuous_Pair) (intro continuous_intros)

lemma borel_measurable_sum[measurable (raw)]:
  fixes f :: "'c  'a  'b::{second_countable_topology, topological_comm_monoid_add}"
  assumes "i. i  S  f i  borel_measurable M"
  shows "(λx. iS. f i x)  borel_measurable M"
proof cases
  assume "finite S"
  thus ?thesis using assms by induct auto
qed simp

lemma borel_measurable_suminf_order[measurable (raw)]:
  fixes f :: "nat  'a  'b::{complete_linorder, second_countable_topology, linorder_topology, topological_comm_monoid_add}"
  assumes f[measurable]: "i. f i  borel_measurable M"
  shows "(λx. suminf (λi. f i x))  borel_measurable M"
  unfolding suminf_def sums_def[abs_def] lim_def[symmetric] by simp

subsection ‹Borel spaces on Euclidean spaces›

lemma borel_measurable_inner[measurable (raw)]:
  fixes f g :: "'a  'b::{second_countable_topology, real_inner}"
  assumes "f  borel_measurable M"
  assumes "g  borel_measurable M"
  shows "(λx. f x  g x)  borel_measurable M"
  using assms
  by (rule borel_measurable_continuous_Pair) (intro continuous_intros)

notation
  eucl_less (infix "<e" 50)

lemma box_oc: "{x. a <e x  x  b} = {x. a <e x}  {..b}"
  and box_co: "{x. a  x  x <e b} = {a..}  {x. x <e b}"
  by auto

lemma eucl_ivals[measurable]:
  fixes a b :: "'a::ordered_euclidean_space"
  shows "{x. x <e a}  sets borel"
    and "{x. a <e x}  sets borel"
    and "{..a}  sets borel"
    and "{a..}  sets borel"
    and "{a..b}  sets borel"
    and  "{x. a <e x  x  b}  sets borel"
    and "{x. a  x   x <e b}  sets borel"
  unfolding box_oc box_co
  by (auto intro: borel_open borel_closed)

lemma
  fixes i :: "'a::{second_countable_topology, real_inner}"
  shows hafspace_less_borel: "{x. a < x  i}  sets borel"
    and hafspace_greater_borel: "{x. x  i < a}  sets borel"
    and hafspace_less_eq_borel: "{x. a  x  i}  sets borel"
    and hafspace_greater_eq_borel: "{x. x  i  a}  sets borel"
  by simp_all

lemma borel_eq_box:
  "borel = sigma UNIV (range (λ (a, b). box a b :: 'a :: euclidean_space set))"
    (is "_ = ?SIGMA")
proof (rule borel_eq_sigmaI1[OF borel_def])
  fix M :: "'a set" assume "M  {S. open S}"
  then have "open M" by simp
  show "M  ?SIGMA"
    apply (subst open_UNION_box[OF open M])
    apply (safe intro!: sets.countable_UN' countable_PiE countable_Collect)
    apply (auto intro: countable_rat)
    done
qed (auto simp: box_def)

lemma halfspace_gt_in_halfspace:
  assumes i: "i  A"
  shows "{x::'a. a < x  i} 
    sigma_sets UNIV ((λ (a, i). {x::'a::euclidean_space. x  i < a}) ` (UNIV × A))"
  (is "?set  ?SIGMA")
proof -
  interpret sigma_algebra UNIV ?SIGMA
    by (intro sigma_algebra_sigma_sets) simp_all
  have *: "?set = (n. UNIV - {x::'a. x  i < a + 1 / real (Suc n)})"
  proof (safe, simp_all add: not_less del: of_nat_Suc)
    fix x :: 'a assume "a < x  i"
    with reals_Archimedean[of "x  i - a"]
    obtain n where "a + 1 / real (Suc n) < x  i"
      by (auto simp: field_simps)
    then show "n. a + 1 / real (Suc n)  x  i"
      by (blast intro: less_imp_le)
  next
    fix x n
    have "a < a + 1 / real (Suc n)" by auto
    also assume "  x"
    finally show "a < x" .
  qed
  show "?set  ?SIGMA" unfolding *
    by (auto intro!: Diff sigma_sets_Inter i)
qed

lemma borel_eq_halfspace_less:
  "borel = sigma UNIV ((λ(a, i). {x::'a::euclidean_space. x  i < a}) ` (UNIV × Basis))"
  (is "_ = ?SIGMA")
proof (rule borel_eq_sigmaI2[OF borel_eq_box])
  fix a b :: 'a
  have "box a b = {xspace ?SIGMA. iBasis. a  i < x  i  x  i < b  i}"
    by (auto simp: box_def)
  also have "  sets ?SIGMA"
    by (intro sets.sets_Collect_conj sets.sets_Collect_finite_All sets.sets_Collect_const)
       (auto intro!: halfspace_gt_in_halfspace countable_PiE countable_rat)
  finally show "box a b  sets ?SIGMA" .
qed auto

lemma borel_eq_halfspace_le:
  "borel = sigma UNIV ((λ (a, i). {x::'a::euclidean_space. x  i  a}) ` (UNIV × Basis))"
  (is "_ = ?SIGMA")
proof (rule borel_eq_sigmaI2[OF borel_eq_halfspace_less])
  fix a :: real and i :: 'a assume "(a, i)  UNIV × Basis"
  then have i: "i  Basis" by auto
  have *: "{x::'a. xi < a} = (n. {x. xi  a - 1/real (Suc n)})"
  proof (safe, simp_all del: of_nat_Suc)
    fix x::'a assume *: "xi < a"
    with reals_Archimedean[of "a - xi"]
    obtain n where "x  i < a - 1 / (real (Suc n))"
      by (auto simp: field_simps)
    then show "n. x  i  a - 1 / (real (Suc n))"
      by (blast intro: less_imp_le)
  next
    fix x::'a and n
    assume "xi  a - 1 / real (Suc n)"
    also have " < a" by auto
    finally show "xi < a" .
  qed
  show "{x. xi < a}  ?SIGMA" unfolding *
    by (intro sets.countable_UN) (auto intro: i)
qed auto

lemma borel_eq_halfspace_ge:
  "borel = sigma UNIV ((λ (a, i). {x::'a::euclidean_space. a  x  i}) ` (UNIV × Basis))"
  (is "_ = ?SIGMA")
proof (rule borel_eq_sigmaI2[OF borel_eq_halfspace_less])
  fix a :: real and i :: 'a assume i: "(a, i)  UNIV × Basis"
  have *: "{x::'a. xi < a} = space ?SIGMA - {x::'a. a  xi}" by auto
  show "{x. xi < a}  ?SIGMA" unfolding *
    using i by (intro sets.compl_sets) auto
qed auto

lemma borel_eq_halfspace_greater:
  "borel = sigma UNIV ((λ (a, i). {x::'a::euclidean_space. a < x  i}) ` (UNIV × Basis))"
  (is "_ = ?SIGMA")
proof (rule borel_eq_sigmaI2[OF borel_eq_halfspace_le])
  fix a :: real and i :: 'a assume "(a, i)  (UNIV × Basis)"
  then have i: "i  Basis" by auto
  have *: "{x::'a. xi  a} = space ?SIGMA - {x::'a. a < xi}" by auto
  show "{x. xi  a}  ?SIGMA" unfolding *
    by (intro sets.compl_sets) (auto intro: i)
qed auto

lemma borel_eq_atMost:
  "borel = sigma UNIV (range (λa. {..a::'a::ordered_euclidean_space}))"
  (is "_ = ?SIGMA")
proof (rule borel_eq_sigmaI4[OF borel_eq_halfspace_le])
  fix a :: real and i :: 'a assume "(a, i)  UNIV × Basis"
  then have "i  Basis" by auto
  then have *: "{x::'a. xi  a} = (k::nat. {.. (nBasis. (if n = i then a else real k)*R n)})"
  proof (safe, simp_all add: eucl_le[where 'a='a] split: if_split_asm)
    fix x :: 'a
    obtain k where "Max ((∙) x ` Basis)  real k"
      using real_arch_simple by blast
    then have "i. i  Basis  xi  real k"
      by (subst (asm) Max_le_iff) auto
    then show "k::nat. iaBasis. ia  i  x  ia  real k"
      by (auto intro!: exI[of _ k])
  qed
  show "{x. xi  a}  ?SIGMA" unfolding *
    by (intro sets.countable_UN) auto
qed auto

lemma borel_eq_greaterThan:
  "borel = sigma UNIV (range (λa::'a::ordered_euclidean_space. {x. a <e x}))"
  (is "_ = ?SIGMA")
proof (rule borel_eq_sigmaI4[OF borel_eq_halfspace_le])
  fix a :: real and i :: 'a assume "(a, i)  UNIV × Basis"
  then have i: "i  Basis" by auto
  have "{x::'a. xi  a} = UNIV - {x::'a. a < xi}" by auto
  also have *: "{x::'a. a < xi} =
      (k::nat. {x. (nBasis. (if n = i then a else -real k) *R n) <e x})" using i
  proof (safe, simp_all add: eucl_less_def split: if_split_asm)
    fix x :: 'a
    obtain k where k: "Max ((∙) (- x) ` Basis) < real k"
      using reals_Archimedean2 by blast
    { fix i :: 'a assume "i  Basis"
      then have "-xi < real k"
        using k by (subst (asm) Max_less_iff) auto
      then have "- real k < xi" by simp }
    then show "k::nat. iaBasis. ia  i  -real k < x  ia"
      by (auto intro!: exI[of _ k])
  qed
  finally show "{x. xi  a}  ?SIGMA"
    apply (simp only:)
    apply (intro sets.countable_UN sets.Diff)
    apply (auto intro: sigma_sets_top)
    done
qed auto

lemma borel_eq_lessThan:
  "borel = sigma UNIV (range (λa::'a::ordered_euclidean_space. {x. x <e a}))"
  (is "_ = ?SIGMA")
proof (rule borel_eq_sigmaI4[OF borel_eq_halfspace_ge])
  fix a :: real and i :: 'a assume "(a, i)  UNIV × Basis"
  then have i: "i  Basis" by auto
  have "{x::'a. a  xi} = UNIV - {x::'a. xi < a}" by auto
  also have *: "{x::'a. xi < a} = (k::nat. {x. x <e (nBasis. (if n = i then a else real k) *R n)})" using i Basis
  proof (safe, simp_all add: eucl_less_def split: if_split_asm)
    fix x :: 'a
    obtain k where k: "Max ((∙) x ` Basis) < real k"
      using reals_Archimedean2 by blast
    { fix i :: 'a assume "i  Basis"
      then have "xi < real k"
        using k by (subst (asm) Max_less_iff) auto
      then have "xi < real k" by simp }
    then show "k::nat. iaBasis. ia  i  x  ia < real k"
      by (auto intro!: exI[of _ k])
  qed
  finally show "{x. a  xi}  ?SIGMA"
    apply (simp only:)
    apply (intro sets.countable_UN sets.Diff)
    apply (auto intro: sigma_sets_top )
    done
qed auto

lemma borel_eq_atLeastAtMost:
  "borel = sigma UNIV (range (λ(a,b). {a..b} ::'a::ordered_euclidean_space set))"
  (is "_ = ?SIGMA")
proof (rule borel_eq_sigmaI5[OF borel_eq_atMost])
  fix a::'a
  have *: "{..a} = (n::nat. {- real n *R One .. a})"
  proof (safe, simp_all add: eucl_le[where 'a='a])
    fix x :: 'a
    obtain k where k: "Max ((∙) (- x) ` Basis)  real k"
      using real_arch_simple by blast
    { fix i :: 'a assume "i  Basis"
      with k have "- xi  real k"
        by (subst (asm) Max_le_iff) (auto simp: field_simps)
      then have "- real k  xi" by simp }
    then show "n::nat. iBasis. - real n  x  i"
      by (auto intro!: exI[of _ k])
  qed
  show "{..a}  ?SIGMA" unfolding *
    by (intro sets.countable_UN)
       (auto intro!: sigma_sets_top)
qed auto

lemma borel_set_induct[consumes 1, case_names empty interval compl union]:
  assumes "A  sets borel"
  assumes empty: "P {}" and int: "a b. a  b  P {a..b}" and compl: "A. A  sets borel  P A  P (-A)" and
          un: "f. disjoint_family f  (i. f i  sets borel)   (i. P (f i))  P (i::nat. f i)"
  shows "P (A::real set)"
proof -
  let ?G = "range (λ(a,b). {a..b::real})"
  have "Int_stable ?G" "?G  Pow UNIV" "A  sigma_sets UNIV ?G"
      using assms(1) by (auto simp add: borel_eq_atLeastAtMost Int_stable_def)
  thus ?thesis
  proof (induction rule: sigma_sets_induct_disjoint)
    case (union f)
      from union.hyps(2) have "i. f i  sets borel" by (auto simp: borel_eq_atLeastAtMost)
      with union show ?case by (auto intro: un)
  next
    case (basic A)
    then obtain a b where "A = {a .. b}" by auto
    then show ?case
      by (cases "a  b") (auto intro: int empty)
  qed (auto intro: empty compl simp: Compl_eq_Diff_UNIV[symmetric] borel_eq_atLeastAtMost)
qed

lemma borel_sigma_sets_Ioc: "borel = sigma UNIV (range (λ(a, b). {a <.. b::real}))"
proof (rule borel_eq_sigmaI5[OF borel_eq_atMost])
  fix i :: real
  have "{..i} = (j::nat. {-j <.. i})"
    by (auto simp: minus_less_iff reals_Archimedean2)
  also have "  sets (sigma UNIV (range (λ(i, j). {i<..j})))"
    by (intro sets.countable_nat_UN) auto
  finally show "{..i}  sets (sigma UNIV (range (λ(i, j). {i<..j})))" .
qed simp

lemma eucl_lessThan: "{x::real. x <e a} = lessThan a"
  by (simp add: eucl_less_def lessThan_def)

lemma borel_eq_atLeastLessThan:
  "borel = sigma UNIV (range (λ(a, b). {a ..< b :: real}))" (is "_ = ?SIGMA")
proof (rule borel_eq_sigmaI5[OF borel_eq_lessThan])
  have move_uminus: "x y::real. -x  y  -y  x" by auto
  fix x :: real
  have "{..<x} = (i::nat. {-real i ..< x})"
    by (auto simp: move_uminus real_arch_simple)
  then show "{y. y <e x}  ?SIGMA"
    by (auto intro: sigma_sets.intros(2-) simp: eucl_lessThan)
qed auto

lemma borel_measurable_halfspacesI:
  fixes f :: "'a  'c::euclidean_space"
  assumes F: "borel = sigma UNIV (F ` (UNIV × Basis))"
  and S_eq: "a i. S a i = f -` F (a,i)  space M"
  shows "f  borel_measurable M = (iBasis. a::real. S a i  sets M)"
proof safe
  fix a :: real and i :: 'b assume i: "i  Basis" and f: "f  borel_measurable M"
  then show "S a i  sets M" unfolding assms
    by (auto intro!: measurable_sets simp: assms(1))
next
  assume a: "iBasis. a. S a i  sets M"
  then show "f  borel_measurable M"
    by (auto intro!: measurable_measure_of simp: S_eq F)
qed

lemma borel_measurable_iff_halfspace_le:
  fixes f :: "'a  'c::euclidean_space"
  shows "f  borel_measurable M = (iBasis. a. {w  space M. f w  i  a}  sets M)"
  by (rule borel_measurable_halfspacesI[OF borel_eq_halfspace_le]) auto

lemma borel_measurable_iff_halfspace_less:
  fixes f :: "'a  'c::euclidean_space"
  shows "f  borel_measurable M  (iBasis. a. {w  space M. f w  i < a}  sets M)"
  by (rule borel_measurable_halfspacesI[OF borel_eq_halfspace_less]) auto

lemma borel_measurable_iff_halfspace_ge:
  fixes f :: "'a  'c::euclidean_space"
  shows "f  borel_measurable M = (iBasis. a. {w  space M. a  f w  i}  sets M)"
  by (rule borel_measurable_halfspacesI[OF borel_eq_halfspace_ge]) auto

lemma borel_measurable_iff_halfspace_greater:
  fixes f :: "'a  'c::euclidean_space"
  shows "f  borel_measurable M  (iBasis. a. {w  space M. a < f w  i}  sets M)"
  by (rule borel_measurable_halfspacesI[OF borel_eq_halfspace_greater]) auto

lemma borel_measurable_iff_le:
  "(f::'a  real)  borel_measurable M = (a. {w  space M. f w  a}  sets M)"
  using borel_measurable_iff_halfspace_le[where 'c=real] by simp

lemma borel_measurable_iff_less:
  "(f::'a  real)  borel_measurable M = (a. {w  space M. f w < a}  sets M)"
  using borel_measurable_iff_halfspace_less[where 'c=real] by simp

lemma borel_measurable_iff_ge:
  "(f::'a  real)  borel_measurable M = (a. {w  space M. a  f w}  sets M)"
  using borel_measurable_iff_halfspace_ge[where 'c=real]
  by simp

lemma borel_measurable_iff_greater:
  "(f::'a  real)  borel_measurable M = (a. {w  space M. a < f w}  sets M)"
  using borel_measurable_iff_halfspace_greater[where 'c=real] by simp

lemma borel_measurable_euclidean_space:
  fixes f :: "'a  'c::euclidean_space"
  shows "f  borel_measurable M  (iBasis. (λx. f x  i)  borel_measurable M)"
proof safe
  assume f: "iBasis. (λx. f x  i)  borel_measurable M"
  then show "f  borel_measurable M"
    by (subst borel_measurable_iff_halfspace_le) auto
qed auto

subsection "Borel measurable operators"

lemma borel_measurable_norm[measurable]: "norm  borel_measurable borel"
  by (intro borel_measurable_continuous_onI continuous_intros)

lemma borel_measurable_sgn [measurable]: "(sgn::'a::real_normed_vector  'a)  borel_measurable borel"
  by (rule borel_measurable_continuous_countable_exceptions[where X="{0}"])
     (auto intro!: continuous_on_sgn continuous_on_id)

lemma borel_measurable_uminus[measurable (raw)]:
  fixes g :: "'a  'b::{second_countable_topology, real_normed_vector}"
  assumes g: "g  borel_measurable M"
  shows "(λx. - g x)  borel_measurable M"
  by (rule borel_measurable_continuous_on[OF _ g]) (intro continuous_intros)

lemma borel_measurable_diff[measurable (raw)]:
  fixes f :: "'a  'b::{second_countable_topology, real_normed_vector}"
  assumes f: "f  borel_measurable M"
  assumes g: "g  borel_measurable M"
  shows "(λx. f x - g x)  borel_measurable M"
  using borel_measurable_add [of f M "- g"] assms by (simp add: fun_Compl_def)

lemma borel_measurable_times[measurable (raw)]:
  fixes f :: "'a  'b::{second_countable_topology, real_normed_algebra}"
  assumes f: "f  borel_measurable M"
  assumes g: "g  borel_measurable M"
  shows "(λx. f x * g x)  borel_measurable M"
  using f g by (rule borel_measurable_continuous_Pair) (intro continuous_intros)

lemma borel_measurable_prod[measurable (raw)]:
  fixes f :: "'c  'a  'b::{second_countable_topology, real_normed_field}"
  assumes "i. i  S  f i  borel_measurable M"
  shows "(λx. iS. f i x)  borel_measurable M"
proof cases
  assume "finite S"
  thus ?thesis using assms by induct auto
qed simp

lemma borel_measurable_dist[measurable (raw)]:
  fixes g f :: "'a  'b::{second_countable_topology, metric_space}"
  assumes f: "f  borel_measurable M"
  assumes g: "g  borel_measurable M"
  shows "(λx. dist (f x) (g x))  borel_measurable M"
  using f g by (rule borel_measurable_continuous_Pair) (intro continuous_intros)

lemma borel_measurable_scaleR[measurable (raw)]:
  fixes g :: "'a  'b::{second_countable_topology, real_normed_vector}"
  assumes f: "f  borel_measurable M"
  assumes g: "g  borel_measurable M"
  shows "(λx. f x *R g x)  borel_measurable M"
  using f g by (rule borel_measurable_continuous_Pair) (intro continuous_intros)

lemma borel_measurable_uminus_eq [simp]:
  fixes f :: "'a  'b::{second_countable_topology, real_normed_vector}"
  shows "(λx. - f x)  borel_measurable M  f  borel_measurable M" (is "?l = ?r")
proof
  assume ?l from borel_measurable_uminus[OF this] show ?r by simp
qed auto

lemma affine_borel_measurable_vector:
  fixes f :: "'a  'x::real_normed_vector"
  assumes "f  borel_measurable M"
  shows "(λx. a + b *R f x)