Theory Finite_Set

(*  Title:      HOL/Finite_Set.thy
    Author:     Tobias Nipkow
    Author:     Lawrence C Paulson
    Author:     Markus Wenzel
    Author:     Jeremy Avigad
    Author:     Andrei Popescu
*)

section ‹Finite sets›

theory Finite_Set
  imports Product_Type Sum_Type Fields Relation
begin

subsection ‹Predicate for finite sets›

context notes [[inductive_internals]]
begin

inductive finite :: "'a set  bool"
  where
    emptyI [simp, intro!]: "finite {}"
  | insertI [simp, intro!]: "finite A  finite (insert a A)"

end

simproc_setup finite_Collect ("finite (Collect P)") = K Set_Comprehension_Pointfree.proc

declare [[simproc del: finite_Collect]]

lemma finite_induct [case_names empty insert, induct set: finite]:
  ― ‹Discharging x ∉ F› entails extra work.›
  assumes "finite F"
  assumes "P {}"
    and insert: "x F. finite F  x  F  P F  P (insert x F)"
  shows "P F"
  using finite F
proof induct
  show "P {}" by fact
next
  fix x F
  assume F: "finite F" and P: "P F"
  show "P (insert x F)"
  proof cases
    assume "x  F"
    then have "insert x F = F" by (rule insert_absorb)
    with P show ?thesis by (simp only:)
  next
    assume "x  F"
    from F this P show ?thesis by (rule insert)
  qed
qed

lemma infinite_finite_induct [case_names infinite empty insert]:
  assumes infinite: "A. ¬ finite A  P A"
    and empty: "P {}"
    and insert: "x F. finite F  x  F  P F  P (insert x F)"
  shows "P A"
proof (cases "finite A")
  case False
  with infinite show ?thesis .
next
  case True
  then show ?thesis by (induct A) (fact empty insert)+
qed


subsubsection ‹Choice principles›

lemma ex_new_if_finite: ― ‹does not depend on def of finite at all›
  assumes "¬ finite (UNIV :: 'a set)" and "finite A"
  shows "a::'a. a  A"
proof -
  from assms have "A  UNIV" by blast
  then show ?thesis by blast
qed

text ‹A finite choice principle. Does not need the SOME choice operator.›

lemma finite_set_choice: "finite A  xA. y. P x y  f. xA. P x (f x)"
proof (induct rule: finite_induct)
  case empty
  then show ?case by simp
next
  case (insert a A)
  then obtain f b where f: "xA. P x (f x)" and ab: "P a b"
    by auto
  show ?case (is "f. ?P f")
  proof
    show "?P (λx. if x = a then b else f x)"
      using f ab by auto
  qed
qed


subsubsection ‹Finite sets are the images of initial segments of natural numbers›

lemma finite_imp_nat_seg_image_inj_on:
  assumes "finite A"
  shows "(n::nat) f. A = f ` {i. i < n}  inj_on f {i. i < n}"
  using assms
proof induct
  case empty
  show ?case
  proof
    show "f. {} = f ` {i::nat. i < 0}  inj_on f {i. i < 0}"
      by simp
  qed
next
  case (insert a A)
  have notinA: "a  A" by fact
  from insert.hyps obtain n f where "A = f ` {i::nat. i < n}" "inj_on f {i. i < n}"
    by blast
  then have "insert a A = f(n:=a) ` {i. i < Suc n}" and "inj_on (f(n:=a)) {i. i < Suc n}"
    using notinA by (auto simp add: image_def Ball_def inj_on_def less_Suc_eq)
  then show ?case by blast
qed

lemma nat_seg_image_imp_finite: "A = f ` {i::nat. i < n}  finite A"
proof (induct n arbitrary: A)
  case 0
  then show ?case by simp
next
  case (Suc n)
  let ?B = "f ` {i. i < n}"
  have finB: "finite ?B" by (rule Suc.hyps[OF refl])
  show ?case
  proof (cases "k<n. f n = f k")
    case True
    then have "A = ?B"
      using Suc.prems by (auto simp:less_Suc_eq)
    then show ?thesis
      using finB by simp
  next
    case False
    then have "A = insert (f n) ?B"
      using Suc.prems by (auto simp:less_Suc_eq)
    then show ?thesis using finB by simp
  qed
qed

lemma finite_conv_nat_seg_image: "finite A  (n f. A = f ` {i::nat. i < n})"
  by (blast intro: nat_seg_image_imp_finite dest: finite_imp_nat_seg_image_inj_on)

lemma finite_imp_inj_to_nat_seg:
  assumes "finite A"
  shows "f n. f ` A = {i::nat. i < n}  inj_on f A"
proof -
  from finite_imp_nat_seg_image_inj_on [OF finite A]
  obtain f and n :: nat where bij: "bij_betw f {i. i<n} A"
    by (auto simp: bij_betw_def)
  let ?f = "the_inv_into {i. i<n} f"
  have "inj_on ?f A  ?f ` A = {i. i<n}"
    by (fold bij_betw_def) (rule bij_betw_the_inv_into[OF bij])
  then show ?thesis by blast
qed

lemma finite_Collect_less_nat [iff]: "finite {n::nat. n < k}"
  by (fastforce simp: finite_conv_nat_seg_image)

lemma finite_Collect_le_nat [iff]: "finite {n::nat. n  k}"
  by (simp add: le_eq_less_or_eq Collect_disj_eq)


subsection ‹Finiteness and common set operations›

lemma rev_finite_subset: "finite B  A  B  finite A"
proof (induct arbitrary: A rule: finite_induct)
  case empty
  then show ?case by simp
next
  case (insert x F A)
  have A: "A  insert x F" and r: "A - {x}  F  finite (A - {x})"
    by fact+
  show "finite A"
  proof cases
    assume x: "x  A"
    with A have "A - {x}  F" by (simp add: subset_insert_iff)
    with r have "finite (A - {x})" .
    then have "finite (insert x (A - {x}))" ..
    also have "insert x (A - {x}) = A"
      using x by (rule insert_Diff)
    finally show ?thesis .
  next
    show ?thesis when "A  F"
      using that by fact
    assume "x  A"
    with A show "A  F"
      by (simp add: subset_insert_iff)
  qed
qed

lemma finite_subset: "A  B  finite B  finite A"
  by (rule rev_finite_subset)

simproc_setup finite ("finite A") = let
  val finite_subset = @{thm finite_subset}
  val Eq_TrueI = @{thm Eq_TrueI}

  fun is_subset A th = case Thm.prop_of th of
        (_ $ (Const (const_nameless_eq, Type (type_namefun, [Type (type_nameset, _), _])) $ A' $ B))
        => if A aconv A' then SOME(B,th) else NONE
      | _ => NONE;

  fun is_finite th = case Thm.prop_of th of
        (_ $ (Const (const_namefinite, _) $ A)) => SOME(A,th)
      |  _ => NONE;

  fun comb (A,sub_th) (A',fin_th) ths = if A aconv A' then (sub_th,fin_th) :: ths else ths

  fun proc ctxt ct =
    (let
       val _ $ A = Thm.term_of ct
       val prems = Simplifier.prems_of ctxt
       val fins = map_filter is_finite prems
       val subsets = map_filter (is_subset A) prems
     in case fold_product comb subsets fins [] of
          (sub_th,fin_th) :: _ => SOME((fin_th RS (sub_th RS finite_subset)) RS Eq_TrueI)
        | _ => NONE
     end)
in K proc end

(* Needs to be used with care *)
declare [[simproc del: finite]]

lemma finite_UnI:
  assumes "finite F" and "finite G"
  shows "finite (F  G)"
  using assms by induct simp_all

lemma finite_Un [iff]: "finite (F  G)  finite F  finite G"
  by (blast intro: finite_UnI finite_subset [of _ "F  G"])

lemma finite_insert [simp]: "finite (insert a A)  finite A"
proof -
  have "finite {a}  finite A  finite A" by simp
  then have "finite ({a}  A)  finite A" by (simp only: finite_Un)
  then show ?thesis by simp
qed

lemma finite_Int [simp, intro]: "finite F  finite G  finite (F  G)"
  by (blast intro: finite_subset)

lemma finite_Collect_conjI [simp, intro]:
  "finite {x. P x}  finite {x. Q x}  finite {x. P x  Q x}"
  by (simp add: Collect_conj_eq)

lemma finite_Collect_disjI [simp]:
  "finite {x. P x  Q x}  finite {x. P x}  finite {x. Q x}"
  by (simp add: Collect_disj_eq)

lemma finite_Diff [simp, intro]: "finite A  finite (A - B)"
  by (rule finite_subset, rule Diff_subset)

lemma finite_Diff2 [simp]:
  assumes "finite B"
  shows "finite (A - B)  finite A"
proof -
  have "finite A  finite ((A - B)  (A  B))"
    by (simp add: Un_Diff_Int)
  also have "  finite (A - B)"
    using finite B by simp
  finally show ?thesis ..
qed

lemma finite_Diff_insert [iff]: "finite (A - insert a B)  finite (A - B)"
proof -
  have "finite (A - B)  finite (A - B - {a})" by simp
  moreover have "A - insert a B = A - B - {a}" by auto
  ultimately show ?thesis by simp
qed

lemma finite_compl [simp]:
  "finite (A :: 'a set)  finite (- A)  finite (UNIV :: 'a set)"
  by (simp add: Compl_eq_Diff_UNIV)

lemma finite_Collect_not [simp]:
  "finite {x :: 'a. P x}  finite {x. ¬ P x}  finite (UNIV :: 'a set)"
  by (simp add: Collect_neg_eq)

lemma finite_Union [simp, intro]:
  "finite A  (M. M  A  finite M)  finite (A)"
  by (induct rule: finite_induct) simp_all

lemma finite_UN_I [intro]:
  "finite A  (a. a  A  finite (B a))  finite (aA. B a)"
  by (induct rule: finite_induct) simp_all

lemma finite_UN [simp]: "finite A  finite ((B ` A))  (xA. finite (B x))"
  by (blast intro: finite_subset)

lemma finite_Inter [intro]: "AM. finite A  finite (M)"
  by (blast intro: Inter_lower finite_subset)

lemma finite_INT [intro]: "xI. finite (A x)  finite (xI. A x)"
  by (blast intro: INT_lower finite_subset)

lemma finite_imageI [simp, intro]: "finite F  finite (h ` F)"
  by (induct rule: finite_induct) simp_all

lemma finite_image_set [simp]: "finite {x. P x}  finite {f x |x. P x}"
  by (simp add: image_Collect [symmetric])

lemma finite_image_set2:
  "finite {x. P x}  finite {y. Q y}  finite {f x y |x y. P x  Q y}"
  by (rule finite_subset [where B = "x  {x. P x}. y  {y. Q y}. {f x y}"]) auto

lemma finite_imageD:
  assumes "finite (f ` A)" and "inj_on f A"
  shows "finite A"
  using assms
proof (induct "f ` A" arbitrary: A)
  case empty
  then show ?case by simp
next
  case (insert x B)
  then have B_A: "insert x B = f ` A"
    by simp
  then obtain y where "x = f y" and "y  A"
    by blast
  from B_A x  B have "B = f ` A - {x}"
    by blast
  with B_A x  B x = f y inj_on f A y  A have "B = f ` (A - {y})"
    by (simp add: inj_on_image_set_diff)
  moreover from inj_on f A have "inj_on f (A - {y})"
    by (rule inj_on_diff)
  ultimately have "finite (A - {y})"
    by (rule insert.hyps)
  then show "finite A"
    by simp
qed

lemma finite_image_iff: "inj_on f A  finite (f ` A)  finite A"
  using finite_imageD by blast

lemma finite_surj: "finite A  B  f ` A  finite B"
  by (erule finite_subset) (rule finite_imageI)

lemma finite_range_imageI: "finite (range g)  finite (range (λx. f (g x)))"
  by (drule finite_imageI) (simp add: range_composition)

lemma finite_subset_image:
  assumes "finite B"
  shows "B  f ` A  CA. finite C  B = f ` C"
  using assms
proof induct
  case empty
  then show ?case by simp
next
  case insert
  then show ?case
    by (clarsimp simp del: image_insert simp add: image_insert [symmetric]) blast
qed

lemma all_subset_image: "(B. B  f ` A  P B)  (B. B  A  P(f ` B))"
  by (safe elim!: subset_imageE) (use image_mono in blast+) (* slow *)

lemma all_finite_subset_image:
  "(B. finite B  B  f ` A  P B)  (B. finite B  B  A  P (f ` B))"
proof safe
  fix B :: "'a set"
  assume B: "finite B" "B  f ` A" and P: "B. finite B  B  A  P (f ` B)"
  show "P B"
    using finite_subset_image [OF B] P by blast
qed blast

lemma ex_finite_subset_image:
  "(B. finite B  B  f ` A  P B)  (B. finite B  B  A  P (f ` B))"
proof safe
  fix B :: "'a set"
  assume B: "finite B" "B  f ` A" and "P B"
  show "B. finite B  B  A  P (f ` B)"
    using finite_subset_image [OF B] P B by blast
qed blast

lemma finite_vimage_IntI: "finite F  inj_on h A  finite (h -` F  A)"
proof (induct rule: finite_induct)
  case (insert x F)
  then show ?case
    by (simp add: vimage_insert [of h x F] finite_subset [OF inj_on_vimage_singleton] Int_Un_distrib2)
qed simp

lemma finite_finite_vimage_IntI:
  assumes "finite F"
    and "y. y  F  finite ((h -` {y})  A)"
  shows "finite (h -` F  A)"
proof -
  have *: "h -` F  A = ( yF. (h -` {y})  A)"
    by blast
  show ?thesis
    by (simp only: * assms finite_UN_I)
qed

lemma finite_vimageI: "finite F  inj h  finite (h -` F)"
  using finite_vimage_IntI[of F h UNIV] by auto

lemma finite_vimageD': "finite (f -` A)  A  range f  finite A"
  by (auto simp add: subset_image_iff intro: finite_subset[rotated])

lemma finite_vimageD: "finite (h -` F)  surj h  finite F"
  by (auto dest: finite_vimageD')

lemma finite_vimage_iff: "bij h  finite (h -` F)  finite F"
  unfolding bij_def by (auto elim: finite_vimageD finite_vimageI)

lemma finite_inverse_image_gen:
  assumes "finite A" "inj_on f D"
  shows "finite {jD. f j  A}"
  using finite_vimage_IntI [OF assms]
  by (simp add: Collect_conj_eq inf_commute vimage_def)

lemma finite_inverse_image:
  assumes "finite A" "inj f"
  shows "finite {j. f j  A}"
  using finite_inverse_image_gen [OF assms] by simp

lemma finite_Collect_bex [simp]:
  assumes "finite A"
  shows "finite {x. yA. Q x y}  (yA. finite {x. Q x y})"
proof -
  have "{x. yA. Q x y} = (yA. {x. Q x y})" by auto
  with assms show ?thesis by simp
qed

lemma finite_Collect_bounded_ex [simp]:
  assumes "finite {y. P y}"
  shows "finite {x. y. P y  Q x y}  (y. P y  finite {x. Q x y})"
proof -
  have "{x. y. P y  Q x y} = (y{y. P y}. {x. Q x y})"
    by auto
  with assms show ?thesis
    by simp
qed

lemma finite_Plus: "finite A  finite B  finite (A <+> B)"
  by (simp add: Plus_def)

lemma finite_PlusD:
  fixes A :: "'a set" and B :: "'b set"
  assumes fin: "finite (A <+> B)"
  shows "finite A" "finite B"
proof -
  have "Inl ` A  A <+> B"
    by auto
  then have "finite (Inl ` A :: ('a + 'b) set)"
    using fin by (rule finite_subset)
  then show "finite A"
    by (rule finite_imageD) (auto intro: inj_onI)
next
  have "Inr ` B  A <+> B"
    by auto
  then have "finite (Inr ` B :: ('a + 'b) set)"
    using fin by (rule finite_subset)
  then show "finite B"
    by (rule finite_imageD) (auto intro: inj_onI)
qed

lemma finite_Plus_iff [simp]: "finite (A <+> B)  finite A  finite B"
  by (auto intro: finite_PlusD finite_Plus)

lemma finite_Plus_UNIV_iff [simp]:
  "finite (UNIV :: ('a + 'b) set)  finite (UNIV :: 'a set)  finite (UNIV :: 'b set)"
  by (subst UNIV_Plus_UNIV [symmetric]) (rule finite_Plus_iff)

lemma finite_SigmaI [simp, intro]:
  "finite A  (a. aA  finite (B a))  finite (SIGMA a:A. B a)"
  unfolding Sigma_def by blast

lemma finite_SigmaI2:
  assumes "finite {xA. B x  {}}"
  and "a. a  A  finite (B a)"
  shows "finite (Sigma A B)"
proof -
  from assms have "finite (Sigma {xA. B x  {}} B)"
    by auto
  also have "Sigma {x:A. B x  {}} B = Sigma A B"
    by auto
  finally show ?thesis .
qed

lemma finite_cartesian_product: "finite A  finite B  finite (A × B)"
  by (rule finite_SigmaI)

lemma finite_Prod_UNIV:
  "finite (UNIV :: 'a set)  finite (UNIV :: 'b set)  finite (UNIV :: ('a × 'b) set)"
  by (simp only: UNIV_Times_UNIV [symmetric] finite_cartesian_product)

lemma finite_cartesian_productD1:
  assumes "finite (A × B)" and "B  {}"
  shows "finite A"
proof -
  from assms obtain n f where "A × B = f ` {i::nat. i < n}"
    by (auto simp add: finite_conv_nat_seg_image)
  then have "fst ` (A × B) = fst ` f ` {i::nat. i < n}"
    by simp
  with B  {} have "A = (fst  f) ` {i::nat. i < n}"
    by (simp add: image_comp)
  then have "n f. A = f ` {i::nat. i < n}"
    by blast
  then show ?thesis
    by (auto simp add: finite_conv_nat_seg_image)
qed

lemma finite_cartesian_productD2:
  assumes "finite (A × B)" and "A  {}"
  shows "finite B"
proof -
  from assms obtain n f where "A × B = f ` {i::nat. i < n}"
    by (auto simp add: finite_conv_nat_seg_image)
  then have "snd ` (A × B) = snd ` f ` {i::nat. i < n}"
    by simp
  with A  {} have "B = (snd  f) ` {i::nat. i < n}"
    by (simp add: image_comp)
  then have "n f. B = f ` {i::nat. i < n}"
    by blast
  then show ?thesis
    by (auto simp add: finite_conv_nat_seg_image)
qed

lemma finite_cartesian_product_iff:
  "finite (A × B)  (A = {}  B = {}  (finite A  finite B))"
  by (auto dest: finite_cartesian_productD1 finite_cartesian_productD2 finite_cartesian_product)

lemma finite_prod:
  "finite (UNIV :: ('a × 'b) set)  finite (UNIV :: 'a set)  finite (UNIV :: 'b set)"
  using finite_cartesian_product_iff[of UNIV UNIV] by simp

lemma finite_Pow_iff [iff]: "finite (Pow A)  finite A"
proof
  assume "finite (Pow A)"
  then have "finite ((λx. {x}) ` A)"
    by (blast intro: finite_subset)  (* somewhat slow *)
  then show "finite A"
    by (rule finite_imageD [unfolded inj_on_def]) simp
next
  assume "finite A"
  then show "finite (Pow A)"
    by induct (simp_all add: Pow_insert)
qed

corollary finite_Collect_subsets [simp, intro]: "finite A  finite {B. B  A}"
  by (simp add: Pow_def [symmetric])

lemma finite_set: "finite (UNIV :: 'a set set)  finite (UNIV :: 'a set)"
  by (simp only: finite_Pow_iff Pow_UNIV[symmetric])

lemma finite_UnionD: "finite (A)  finite A"
  by (blast intro: finite_subset [OF subset_Pow_Union])

lemma finite_bind:
  assumes "finite S"
  assumes "x  S. finite (f x)"
  shows "finite (Set.bind S f)"
using assms by (simp add: bind_UNION)

lemma finite_filter [simp]: "finite S  finite (Set.filter P S)"
unfolding Set.filter_def by simp

lemma finite_set_of_finite_funs:
  assumes "finite A" "finite B"
  shows "finite {f. x. (x  A  f x  B)  (x  A  f x = d)}" (is "finite ?S")
proof -
  let ?F = "λf. {(a,b). a  A  b = f a}"
  have "?F ` ?S  Pow(A × B)"
    by auto
  from finite_subset[OF this] assms have 1: "finite (?F ` ?S)"
    by simp
  have 2: "inj_on ?F ?S"
    by (fastforce simp add: inj_on_def set_eq_iff fun_eq_iff)  (* somewhat slow *)
  show ?thesis
    by (rule finite_imageD [OF 1 2])
qed

lemma not_finite_existsD:
  assumes "¬ finite {a. P a}"
  shows "a. P a"
proof (rule classical)
  assume "¬ ?thesis"
  with assms show ?thesis by auto
qed

lemma finite_converse [iff]: "finite (r¯)  finite r"
  unfolding converse_def conversep_iff
  using [[simproc add: finite_Collect]]
  by (auto elim: finite_imageD simp: inj_on_def)

lemma finite_Domain: "finite r  finite (Domain r)"
  by (induct set: finite) auto

lemma finite_Range: "finite r  finite (Range r)"
  by (induct set: finite) auto

lemma finite_Field: "finite r  finite (Field r)"
  by (simp add: Field_def finite_Domain finite_Range)

lemma finite_Image[simp]: "finite R  finite (R `` A)"
  by(rule finite_subset[OF _ finite_Range]) auto


subsection ‹Further induction rules on finite sets›

lemma finite_ne_induct [case_names singleton insert, consumes 2]:
  assumes "finite F" and "F  {}"
  assumes "x. P {x}"
    and "x F. finite F  F  {}  x  F  P F   P (insert x F)"
  shows "P F"
  using assms
proof induct
  case empty
  then show ?case by simp
next
  case (insert x F)
  then show ?case by cases auto
qed

lemma finite_subset_induct [consumes 2, case_names empty insert]:
  assumes "finite F" and "F  A"
    and empty: "P {}"
    and insert: "a F. finite F  a  A  a  F  P F  P (insert a F)"
  shows "P F"
  using finite F F  A
proof induct
  show "P {}" by fact
next
  fix x F
  assume "finite F" and "x  F" and P: "F  A  P F" and i: "insert x F  A"
  show "P (insert x F)"
  proof (rule insert)
    from i show "x  A" by blast
    from i have "F  A" by blast
    with P show "P F" .
    show "finite F" by fact
    show "x  F" by fact
  qed
qed

lemma finite_empty_induct:
  assumes "finite A"
    and "P A"
    and remove: "a A. finite A  a  A  P A  P (A - {a})"
  shows "P {}"
proof -
  have "P (A - B)" if "B  A" for B :: "'a set"
  proof -
    from finite A that have "finite B"
      by (rule rev_finite_subset)
    from this B  A show "P (A - B)"
    proof induct
      case empty
      from P A show ?case by simp
    next
      case (insert b B)
      have "P (A - B - {b})"
      proof (rule remove)
        from finite A show "finite (A - B)"
          by induct auto
        from insert show "b  A - B"
          by simp
        from insert show "P (A - B)"
          by simp
      qed
      also have "A - B - {b} = A - insert b B"
        by (rule Diff_insert [symmetric])
      finally show ?case .
    qed
  qed
  then have "P (A - A)" by blast
  then show ?thesis by simp
qed

lemma finite_update_induct [consumes 1, case_names const update]:
  assumes finite: "finite {a. f a  c}"
    and const: "P (λa. c)"
    and update: "a b f. finite {a. f a  c}  f a = c  b  c  P f  P (f(a := b))"
  shows "P f"
  using finite
proof (induct "{a. f a  c}" arbitrary: f)
  case empty
  with const show ?case by simp
next
  case (insert a A)
  then have "A = {a'. (f(a := c)) a'  c}" and "f a  c"
    by auto
  with finite A have "finite {a'. (f(a := c)) a'  c}"
    by simp
  have "(f(a := c)) a = c"
    by simp
  from insert A = {a'. (f(a := c)) a'  c} have "P (f(a := c))"
    by simp
  with finite {a'. (f(a := c)) a'  c} (f(a := c)) a = c f a  c
  have "P ((f(a := c))(a := f a))"
    by (rule update)
  then show ?case by simp
qed

lemma finite_subset_induct' [consumes 2, case_names empty insert]:
  assumes "finite F" and "F  A"
    and empty: "P {}"
    and insert: "a F. finite F; a  A; F  A; a  F; P F   P (insert a F)"
  shows "P F"
  using assms(1,2)
proof induct
  show "P {}" by fact
next
  fix x F
  assume "finite F" and "x  F" and
    P: "F  A  P F" and i: "insert x F  A"
  show "P (insert x F)"
  proof (rule insert)
    from i show "x  A" by blast
    from i have "F  A" by blast
    with P show "P F" .
    show "finite F" by fact
    show "x  F" by fact
    show "F  A" by fact
  qed
qed


subsection ‹Class finite›

class finite =
  assumes finite_UNIV: "finite (UNIV :: 'a set)"
begin

lemma finite [simp]: "finite (A :: 'a set)"
  by (rule subset_UNIV finite_UNIV finite_subset)+

lemma finite_code [code]: "finite (A :: 'a set)  True"
  by simp

end

instance prod :: (finite, finite) finite
  by standard (simp only: UNIV_Times_UNIV [symmetric] finite_cartesian_product finite)

lemma inj_graph: "inj (λf. {(x, y). y = f x})"
  by (rule inj_onI) (auto simp add: set_eq_iff fun_eq_iff)

instance "fun" :: (finite, finite) finite
proof
  show "finite (UNIV :: ('a  'b) set)"
  proof (rule finite_imageD)
    let ?graph = "λf::'a  'b. {(x, y). y = f x}"
    have "range ?graph  Pow UNIV"
      by simp
    moreover have "finite (Pow (UNIV :: ('a * 'b) set))"
      by (simp only: finite_Pow_iff finite)
    ultimately show "finite (range ?graph)"
      by (rule finite_subset)
    show "inj ?graph"
      by (rule inj_graph)
  qed
qed

instance bool :: finite
  by standard (simp add: UNIV_bool)

instance set :: (finite) finite
  by standard (simp only: Pow_UNIV [symmetric] finite_Pow_iff finite)

instance unit :: finite
  by standard (simp add: UNIV_unit)

instance sum :: (finite, finite) finite
  by standard (simp only: UNIV_Plus_UNIV [symmetric] finite_Plus finite)


subsection ‹A basic fold functional for finite sets›

text ‹
  The intended behaviour is fold f z {x1, …, xn} = f x1 (… (f xn z)…)›
  if f› is ``left-commutative''.
  The commutativity requirement is relativised to the carrier set S›:
›

locale comp_fun_commute_on =
  fixes S :: "'a set"
  fixes f :: "'a  'b  'b"
  assumes comp_fun_commute_on: "x  S  y  S  f y  f x = f x  f y"
begin

lemma fun_left_comm: "x  S  y  S  f y (f x z) = f x (f y z)"
  using comp_fun_commute_on by (simp add: fun_eq_iff)

lemma commute_left_comp: "x  S  y  S  f y  (f x  g) = f x  (f y  g)"
  by (simp add: o_assoc comp_fun_commute_on)

end

inductive fold_graph :: "('a  'b  'b)  'b  'a set  'b  bool"
  for f :: "'a  'b  'b" and z :: 'b
  where
    emptyI [intro]: "fold_graph f z {} z"
  | insertI [intro]: "x  A  fold_graph f z A y  fold_graph f z (insert x A) (f x y)"

inductive_cases empty_fold_graphE [elim!]: "fold_graph f z {} x"

lemma fold_graph_closed_lemma:
  "fold_graph f z A x  x  B"
  if "fold_graph g z A x"
    "a b. a  A  b  B  f a b = g a b"
    "a b. a  A  b  B  g a b  B"
    "z  B"
  using that(1-3)
proof (induction rule: fold_graph.induct)
  case (insertI x A y)
  have "fold_graph f z A y" "y  B"
    unfolding atomize_conj
    by (rule insertI.IH) (auto intro: insertI.prems)
  then have "g x y  B" and f_eq: "f x y = g x y"
    by (auto simp: insertI.prems)
  moreover have "fold_graph f z (insert x A) (f x y)"
    by (rule fold_graph.insertI; fact)
  ultimately
  show ?case
    by (simp add: f_eq)
qed (auto intro!: that)

lemma fold_graph_closed_eq:
  "fold_graph f z A = fold_graph g z A"
  if "a b. a  A  b  B  f a b = g a b"
     "a b. a  A  b  B  g a b  B"
     "z  B"
  using fold_graph_closed_lemma[of f z A _ B g] fold_graph_closed_lemma[of g z A _ B f] that
  by auto

definition fold :: "('a  'b  'b)  'b  'a set  'b"
  where "fold f z A = (if finite A then (THE y. fold_graph f z A y) else z)"

lemma fold_closed_eq: "fold f z A = fold g z A"
  if "a b. a  A  b  B  f a b = g a b"
     "a b. a  A  b  B  g a b  B"
     "z  B"
  unfolding Finite_Set.fold_def
  by (subst fold_graph_closed_eq[where B=B and g=g]) (auto simp: that)

text ‹
  A tempting alternative for the definition is
  termif finite A then THE y. fold_graph f z A y else e.
  It allows the removal of finiteness assumptions from the theorems
  fold_comm›, fold_reindex› and fold_distrib›.
  The proofs become ugly. It is not worth the effort. (???)
›

lemma finite_imp_fold_graph: "finite A  x. fold_graph f z A x"
  by (induct rule: finite_induct) auto


subsubsection ‹From constfold_graph to termfold

context comp_fun_commute_on
begin

lemma fold_graph_finite:
  assumes "fold_graph f z A y"
  shows "finite A"
  using assms by induct simp_all

lemma fold_graph_insertE_aux:
  assumes "A  S"
  assumes "fold_graph f z A y" "a  A"
  shows "y'. y = f a y'  fold_graph f z (A - {a}) y'"
  using assms(2-,1)
proof (induct set: fold_graph)
  case emptyI
  then show ?case by simp
next
  case (insertI x A y)
  show ?case
  proof (cases "x = a")
    case True
    with insertI show ?thesis by auto
  next
    case False
    then obtain y' where y: "y = f a y'" and y': "fold_graph f z (A - {a}) y'"
      using insertI by auto
    from insertI have "x  S" "a  S" by auto
    then have "f x y = f a (f x y')"
      unfolding y by (intro fun_left_comm; simp)
    moreover have "fold_graph f z (insert x A - {a}) (f x y')"
      using y' and x  a and x  A
      by (simp add: insert_Diff_if fold_graph.insertI)
    ultimately show ?thesis
      by fast
  qed
qed

lemma fold_graph_insertE:
  assumes "insert x A  S"
  assumes "fold_graph f z (insert x A) v" and "x  A"
  obtains y where "v = f x y" and "fold_graph f z A y"
  using assms by (auto dest: fold_graph_insertE_aux[OF insert x A  S _ insertI1])

lemma fold_graph_determ:
  assumes "A  S"
  assumes "fold_graph f z A x" "fold_graph f z A y"
  shows "y = x"
  using assms(2-,1)
proof (induct arbitrary: y set: fold_graph)
  case emptyI
  then show ?case by fast
next
  case (insertI x A y v)
  from insert x A  S and fold_graph f z (insert x A) v and x  A
  obtain y' where "v = f x y'" and "fold_graph f z A y'"
    by (rule fold_graph_insertE)
  from fold_graph f z A y' insertI have "y' = y"
    by simp
  with v = f x y' show "v = f x y"
    by simp
qed

lemma fold_equality: "A  S  fold_graph f z A y  fold f z A = y"
  by (cases "finite A") (auto simp add: fold_def intro: fold_graph_determ dest: fold_graph_finite)

lemma fold_graph_fold:
  assumes "A  S"
  assumes "finite A"
  shows "fold_graph f z A (fold f z A)"
proof -
  from finite A have "x. fold_graph f z A x"
    by (rule finite_imp_fold_graph)
  moreover note fold_graph_determ[OF A  S]
  ultimately have "∃!x. fold_graph f z A x"
    by (rule ex_ex1I)
  then have "fold_graph f z A (The (fold_graph f z A))"
    by (rule theI')
  with assms show ?thesis
    by (simp add: fold_def)
qed

text ‹The base case for fold›:›

lemma (in -) fold_infinite [simp]: "¬ finite A  fold f z A = z"
  by (auto simp: fold_def)

lemma (in -) fold_empty [simp]: "fold f z {} = z"
  by (auto simp: fold_def)

text ‹The various recursion equations for constfold:›

lemma fold_insert [simp]:
  assumes "insert x A  S"
  assumes "finite A" and "x  A"
  shows "fold f z (insert x A) = f x (fold f z A)"
proof (rule fold_equality[OF insert x A  S])
  fix z
  from insert x A  S finite A have "fold_graph f z A (fold f z A)"
    by (blast intro: fold_graph_fold)
  with x  A have "fold_graph f z (insert x A) (f x (fold f z A))"
    by (rule fold_graph.insertI)
  then show "fold_graph f z (insert x A) (f x (fold f z A))"
    by simp
qed

declare (in -) empty_fold_graphE [rule del] fold_graph.intros [rule del]
  ― ‹No more proofs involve these.›

lemma fold_fun_left_comm:
  assumes "insert x A  S" "finite A" 
  shows "f x (fold f z A) = fold f (f x z) A"
  using assms(2,1)
proof (induct rule: finite_induct)
  case empty
  then show ?case by simp
next
  case (insert y F)
  then have "fold f (f x z) (insert y F) = f y (fold f (f x z) F)"
    by simp
  also have " = f x (f y (fold f z F))"
    using insert by (simp add: fun_left_comm[where ?y=x])
  also have " = f x (fold f z (insert y F))"
  proof -
    from insert have "insert y F  S" by simp
    from fold_insert[OF this] insert show ?thesis by simp
  qed
  finally show ?case ..
qed

lemma fold_insert2:
  "insert x A  S  finite A  x  A  fold f z (insert x A)  = fold f (f x z) A"
  by (simp add: fold_fun_left_comm)

lemma fold_rec:
  assumes "A  S"
  assumes "finite A" and "x  A"
  shows "fold f z A = f x (fold f z (A - {x}))"
proof -
  have A: "A = insert x (A - {x})"
    using x  A by blast
  then have "fold f z A = fold f z (insert x (A - {x}))"
    by simp
  also have " = f x (fold f z (A - {x}))"
    by (rule fold_insert) (use assms in auto)
  finally show ?thesis .
qed

lemma fold_insert_remove:
  assumes "insert x A  S"
  assumes "finite A"
  shows "fold f z (insert x A) = f x (fold f z (A - {x}))"
proof -
  from finite A have "finite (insert x A)"
    by auto
  moreover have "x  insert x A"
    by auto
  ultimately have "fold f z (insert x A) = f x (fold f z (insert x A - {x}))"
    using insert x A  S by (blast intro: fold_rec)
  then show ?thesis
    by simp
qed

lemma fold_set_union_disj:
  assumes "A  S" "B  S"
  assumes "finite A" "finite B" "A  B = {}"
  shows "Finite_Set.fold f z (A  B) = Finite_Set.fold f (Finite_Set.fold f z A) B"
  using finite B assms(1,2,3,5)
proof induct
  case (insert x F)
  have "fold f z (A  insert x F) = f x (fold f (fold f z A) F)"
    using insert by auto
  also have " = fold f (fold f z A) (insert x F)"
    using insert by (blast intro: fold_insert[symmetric])
  finally show ?case .
qed simp


end

text ‹Other properties of constfold:›

lemma finite_set_fold_single [simp]: "Finite_Set.fold f z {x} = f x z"
proof -
  have "fold_graph f z {x} (f x z)"
    by (auto intro: fold_graph.intros)
  moreover
  {
    fix X y
    have "fold_graph f z X y  (X = {}  y = z)  (X = {x}  y = f x z)"
      by (induct rule: fold_graph.induct) auto
  }
  ultimately have "(THE y. fold_graph f z {x} y) = f x z"
    by blast
  thus ?thesis
    by (simp add: Finite_Set.fold_def)
qed

lemma fold_graph_image:
  assumes "inj_on g A"
  shows "fold_graph f z (g ` A) = fold_graph (f  g) z A"
proof
  fix w
  show "fold_graph f z (g ` A) w = fold_graph (f o g) z A w"
  proof
    assume "fold_graph f z (g ` A) w"
    then show "fold_graph (f  g) z A w"
      using assms
    proof (induct "g ` A" w arbitrary: A)
      case emptyI
      then show ?case by (auto intro: fold_graph.emptyI)
    next
      case (insertI x A r B)
      from inj_on g B x  A insert x A = image g B obtain x' A'
        where "x'  A'" and [simp]: "B = insert x' A'" "x = g x'" "A = g ` A'"
        by (rule inj_img_insertE)
      from insertI.prems have "fold_graph (f  g) z A' r"
        by (auto intro: insertI.hyps)
      with x'  A' have "fold_graph (f  g) z (insert x' A') ((f  g) x' r)"
        by (rule fold_graph.insertI)
      then show ?case
        by simp
    qed
  next
    assume "fold_graph (f  g) z A w"
    then show "fold_graph f z (g ` A) w"
      using assms
    proof induct
      case emptyI
      then show ?case
        by (auto intro: fold_graph.emptyI)
    next
      case (insertI x A r)
      from x  A insertI.prems have "g x  g ` A"
        by auto
      moreover from insertI have "fold_graph f z (g ` A) r"
        by simp
      ultimately have "fold_graph f z (insert (g x) (g ` A)) (f (g x) r)"
        by (rule fold_graph.insertI)
      then show ?case
        by simp
    qed
  qed
qed

lemma fold_image:
  assumes "inj_on g A"
  shows "fold f z (g ` A) = fold (f  g) z A"
proof (cases "finite A")
  case False
  with assms show ?thesis
    by (auto dest: finite_imageD simp add: fold_def)
next
  case True
  then show ?thesis
    by (auto simp add: fold_def fold_graph_image[OF assms])
qed

lemma fold_cong:
  assumes "comp_fun_commute_on S f" "comp_fun_commute_on S g"
    and "A  S" "finite A"
    and cong: "x. x  A  f x = g x"
    and "s = t" and "A = B"
  shows "fold f s A = fold g t B"
proof -
  have "fold f s A = fold g s A"
    using finite A A  S cong
  proof (induct A)
    case empty
    then show ?case by simp
  next
    case insert
    interpret f: comp_fun_commute_on S f by (fact comp_fun_commute_on S f)
    interpret g: comp_fun_commute_on S g by (fact comp_fun_commute_on S g)
    from insert show ?case by simp
  qed
  with assms show ?thesis by simp
qed


text ‹A simplified version for idempotent functions:›

locale comp_fun_idem_on = comp_fun_commute_on +
  assumes comp_fun_idem_on: "x  S  f x  f x = f x"
begin

lemma fun_left_idem: "x  S  f x (f x z) = f x z"
  using comp_fun_idem_on by (simp add: fun_eq_iff)

lemma fold_insert_idem:
  assumes "insert x A  S"
  assumes fin: "finite A"
  shows "fold f z (insert x A)  = f x (fold f z A)"
proof cases
  assume "x  A"
  then obtain B where "A = insert x B" and "x  B"
    by (rule set_insert)
  then show ?thesis
    using assms by (simp add: comp_fun_idem_on fun_left_idem)
next
  assume "x  A"
  then show ?thesis
    using assms by auto
qed

declare fold_insert [simp del] fold_insert_idem [simp]

lemma fold_insert_idem2: "insert x A  S  finite A  fold f z (insert x A) = fold f (f x z) A"
  by (simp add: fold_fun_left_comm)

end


subsubsection ‹Liftings to comp_fun_commute_on› etc.›
                   
lemma (in comp_fun_commute_on) comp_comp_fun_commute_on:
  "range g  S  comp_fun_commute_on R (f  g)"
  by standard (force intro: comp_fun_commute_on)

lemma (in comp_fun_idem_on) comp_comp_fun_idem_on:
  assumes "range g  S"
  shows "comp_fun_idem_on R (f  g)"
proof
  interpret f_g: comp_fun_commute_on R "f o g"
    by (fact comp_comp_fun_commute_on[OF range g  S])
  show "x  R  y  R  (f  g) y  (f  g) x = (f  g) x  (f  g) y" for x y
    by (fact f_g.comp_fun_commute_on)
qed (use range g  S in force intro: comp_fun_idem_on)

lemma (in comp_fun_commute_on) comp_fun_commute_on_funpow:
  "comp_fun_commute_on S (λx. f x ^^ g x)"
proof
  fix x y assume "x  S" "y  S"
  show "f y ^^ g y  f x ^^ g x = f x ^^ g x  f y ^^ g y"
  proof (cases "x = y")
    case True
    then show ?thesis by simp
  next
    case False
    show ?thesis
    proof (induct "g x" arbitrary: g)
      case 0
      then show ?case by simp
    next
      case (Suc n g)
      have hyp1: "f y ^^ g y  f x = f x  f y ^^ g y"
      proof (induct "g y" arbitrary: g)
        case 0
        then show ?case by simp
      next
        case (Suc n g)
        define h where "h z = g z - 1" for z
        with Suc have "n = h y"
          by simp
        with Suc have hyp: "f y ^^ h y  f x = f x  f y ^^ h y"
          by auto
        from Suc h_def have "g y = Suc (h y)"
          by simp
        with x  S y  S show ?case
          by (simp add: comp_assoc hyp) (simp add: o_assoc comp_fun_commute_on)
      qed
      define h where "h z = (if z = x then g x - 1 else g z)" for z
      with Suc have "n = h x"
        by simp
      with Suc have "f y ^^ h y  f x ^^ h x = f x ^^ h x  f y ^^ h y"
        by auto
      with False h_def have hyp2: "f y ^^ g y  f x ^^ h x = f x ^^ h x  f y ^^ g y"
        by simp
      from Suc h_def have "g x = Suc (h x)"
        by simp
      then show ?case
        by (simp del: funpow.simps add: funpow_Suc_right o_assoc hyp2) (simp add: comp_assoc hyp1)
    qed
  qed
qed


subsubsection termUNIV as carrier set›

locale comp_fun_commute =
  fixes f :: "'a  'b  'b"
  assumes comp_fun_commute: "f y  f x = f x  f y"
begin

lemma (in -) comp_fun_commute_def': "comp_fun_commute f = comp_fun_commute_on UNIV f"
  unfolding comp_fun_commute_def comp_fun_commute_on_def by blast

text ‹
  We abuse the rewrites› functionality of locales to remove trivial assumptions that
  result from instantiating the carrier set to termUNIV.
›
sublocale comp_fun_commute_on UNIV f
  rewrites "X. (X  UNIV)  True"
       and "x. x  UNIV  True"
       and "P. (True  P)  Trueprop P"
       and "P Q. (True  PROP P  PROP Q)  (PROP P  True  PROP Q)"
proof -
  show "comp_fun_commute_on UNIV f"
    by standard  (simp add: comp_fun_commute)
qed simp_all

end

lemma (in comp_fun_commute) comp_comp_fun_commute: "comp_fun_commute (f o g)"
  unfolding comp_fun_commute_def' by (fact comp_comp_fun_commute_on)

lemma (in comp_fun_commute) comp_fun_commute_funpow: "comp_fun_commute (λx. f x ^^ g x)"
  unfolding comp_fun_commute_def' by (fact comp_fun_commute_on_funpow)

locale comp_fun_idem = comp_fun_commute +
  assumes comp_fun_idem: "f x o f x = f x"
begin

lemma (in -) comp_fun_idem_def': "comp_fun_idem f = comp_fun_idem_on UNIV f"
  unfolding comp_fun_idem_on_def comp_fun_idem_def comp_fun_commute_def'
  unfolding comp_fun_idem_axioms_def comp_fun_idem_on_axioms_def
  by blast

text ‹
  Again, we abuse the rewrites› functionality of locales to remove trivial assumptions that
  result from instantiating the carrier set to termUNIV.
›
sublocale comp_fun_idem_on UNIV f
  rewrites "X. (X  UNIV)  True"
       and "x. x  UNIV  True"
       and "P. (True  P)  Trueprop P"
       and "P Q. (True  PROP P  PROP Q)  (PROP P  True  PROP Q)"
proof -
  show "comp_fun_idem_on UNIV f"
    by standard (simp_all add: comp_fun_idem comp_fun_commute)
qed simp_all

end

lemma (in comp_fun_idem) comp_comp_fun_idem: "comp_fun_idem (f o g)"
  unfolding comp_fun_idem_def' by (fact comp_comp_fun_idem_on)


subsubsection ‹Expressing set operations via constfold

lemma comp_fun_commute_const: "comp_fun_commute (λ_. f)"
  by standard (rule refl)

lemma comp_fun_idem_insert: "comp_fun_idem insert"
  by standard auto

lemma comp_fun_idem_remove: "comp_fun_idem Set.remove"
  by standard auto

lemma (in semilattice_inf) comp_fun_idem_inf: "comp_fun_idem inf"
  by standard (auto simp add: inf_left_commute)

lemma (in semilattice_sup) comp_fun_idem_sup: "comp_fun_idem sup"
  by standard (auto simp add: sup_left_commute)

lemma union_fold_insert:
  assumes "finite A"
  shows "A  B = fold insert B A"
proof -
  interpret comp_fun_idem insert
    by (fact comp_fun_idem_insert)
  from finite A show ?thesis
    by (induct A arbitrary: B) simp_all
qed

lemma minus_fold_remove:
  assumes "finite A"
  shows "B - A = fold Set.remove B A"
proof -
  interpret comp_fun_idem Set.remove
    by (fact comp_fun_idem_remove)
  from finite A have "fold Set.remove B A = B - A"
    by (induct A arbitrary: B) auto  (* slow *)
  then show ?thesis ..
qed

lemma comp_fun_commute_filter_fold:
  "comp_fun_commute (λx A'. if P x then Set.insert x A' else A')"
proof -
  interpret comp_fun_idem Set.insert by (fact comp_fun_idem_insert)
  show ?thesis by standard (auto simp: fun_eq_iff)
qed

lemma Set_filter_fold:
  assumes "finite A"
  shows "Set.filter P A = fold (λx A'. if P x then Set.insert x A' else A') {} A"
  using assms
proof -
  interpret commute_insert: comp_fun_commute "(λx A'. if P x then Set.insert x A' else A')"
    by (fact comp_fun_commute_filter_fold)
  from finite A show ?thesis
    by induct (auto simp add: Set.filter_def)
qed

lemma inter_Set_filter:
  assumes "finite B"
  shows "A  B = Set.filter (λx. x  A) B"
  using assms
  by induct (auto simp: Set.filter_def)

lemma image_fold_insert:
  assumes "finite A"
  shows "image f A = fold (λk A. Set.insert (f k) A) {} A"
proof -
  interpret comp_fun_commute "λk A. Set.insert (f k) A"
    by standard auto
  show ?thesis
    using assms by (induct A) auto
qed

lemma Ball_fold:
  assumes "finite A"
  shows "Ball A P = fold (λk s. s  P k) True A"
proof -
  interpret comp_fun_commute "λk s. s  P k"
    by standard auto
  show ?thesis
    using assms by (induct A) auto
qed

lemma Bex_fold:
  assumes "finite A"
  shows "Bex A P = fold (λk s. s  P k) False A"
proof -
  interpret comp_fun_commute "λk s. s  P k"
    by standard auto
  show ?thesis
    using assms by (induct A) auto
qed

lemma comp_fun_commute_Pow_fold: "comp_fun_commute (λx A. A  Set.insert x ` A)"
  by (clarsimp simp: fun_eq_iff comp_fun_commute_def) blast

lemma Pow_fold:
  assumes "finite A"
  shows "Pow A = fold (λx A. A  Set.insert x ` A) {{}} A"
proof -
  interpret comp_fun_commute "λx A. A  Set.insert x ` A"
    by (rule comp_fun_commute_Pow_fold)
  show ?thesis
    using assms by (induct A) (auto simp: Pow_insert)
qed

lemma fold_union_pair:
  assumes "finite B"
  shows "(yB. {(x, y)})  A = fold (λy. Set.insert (x, y)) A B"
proof -
  interpret comp_fun_commute "λy. Set.insert (x, y)"
    by standard auto
  show ?thesis
    using assms by (induct arbitrary: A) simp_all
qed

lemma comp_fun_commute_product_fold:
  "finite B  comp_fun_commute (λx z. fold (λy. Set.insert (x, y)) z B)"
  by standard (auto simp: fold_union_pair [symmetric])

lemma product_fold:
  assumes "finite A" "finite B"
  shows "A × B = fold (λx z. fold (λy. Set.insert (x, y)) z B) {} A"
proof -
  interpret commute_product: comp_fun_commute "(λx z. fold (λy. Set.insert (x, y)) z B)"
    by (fact comp_fun_commute_product_fold[OF finite B])
  from assms show ?thesis unfolding Sigma_def
    by (induct A) (simp_all add: fold_union_pair)
qed

context complete_lattice
begin

lemma inf_Inf_fold_inf:
  assumes "finite A"
  shows "inf (Inf A) B = fold inf B A"
proof -
  interpret comp_fun_idem inf
    by (fact comp_fun_idem_inf)
  from finite A fold_fun_left_comm show ?thesis
    by (induct A arbitrary: B) (simp_all add: inf_commute fun_eq_iff)
qed

lemma sup_Sup_fold_sup:
  assumes "finite A"
  shows "sup (Sup A) B = fold sup B A"
proof -
  interpret comp_fun_idem sup
    by (fact comp_fun_idem_sup)
  from finite A fold_fun_left_comm show ?thesis
    by (induct A arbitrary: B) (simp_all add: sup_commute fun_eq_iff)
qed

lemma Inf_fold_inf: "finite A  Inf A = fold inf top A"
  using inf_Inf_fold_inf [of A top] by (simp add: inf_absorb2)

lemma Sup_fold_sup: "finite A  Sup A = fold sup bot A"
  using sup_Sup_fold_sup [of A bot] by (simp add: sup_absorb2)

lemma inf_INF_fold_inf:
  assumes "finite A"
  shows "inf B ((f ` A)) = fold (inf  f) B A" (is "?inf = ?fold")
proof -
  interpret comp_fun_idem inf by (fact comp_fun_idem_inf)
  interpret comp_fun_idem "inf  f" by (fact comp_comp_fun_idem)
  from finite A have "?fold = ?inf"
    by (induct A arbitrary: B) (simp_all add: inf_left_commute)
  then show ?thesis ..
qed

lemma sup_SUP_fold_sup:
  assumes "finite A"
  shows "sup B ((f ` A)) = fold (sup  f) B A" (is "?sup = ?fold")
proof -
  interpret comp_fun_idem sup by (fact comp_fun_idem_sup)
  interpret comp_fun_idem "sup  f" by (fact comp_comp_fun_idem)
  from finite A have "?fold = ?sup"
    by (induct A arbitrary: B) (simp_all add: sup_left_commute)
  then show ?thesis ..
qed

lemma INF_fold_inf: "finite A  (f ` A) = fold (inf  f) top A"
  using inf_INF_fold_inf [of A top] by simp

lemma SUP_fold_sup: "finite A  (f ` A) = fold (sup  f) bot A"
  using sup_SUP_fold_sup [of A bot] by simp

lemma finite_Inf_in:
  assumes "finite A" "A{}" and inf: "x y. x  A; y  A  inf x y  A"
  shows "Inf A  A"
proof -
  have "Inf B  A" if "B  A" "B{}" for B
    using finite_subset [OF B  A finite A] that
  by (induction B) (use inf in force+)
  then show ?thesis
    by (simp add: assms)
qed

lemma finite_Sup_in:
  assumes "finite A" "A{}" and sup: "x y. x  A; y  A  sup x y  A"
  shows "Sup A  A"
proof -
  have "Sup B  A" if "B  A" "B{}" for B
    using finite_subset [OF B  A finite A] that
  by (induction B) (use sup in force+)
  then show ?thesis
    by (simp add: assms)
qed

end

subsubsection ‹Expressing relation operations via constfold

lemma Id_on_fold:
  assumes "finite A"
  shows "Id_on A = Finite_Set.fold (λx. Set.insert (Pair x x)) {} A"
proof -
  interpret comp_fun_commute "λx. Set.insert (Pair x x)"
    by standard auto
  from assms show ?thesis
    unfolding Id_on_def by (induct A) simp_all
qed

lemma comp_fun_commute_Image_fold:
  "comp_fun_commute (λ(x,y) A. if x  S then Set.insert y A else A)"
proof -
  interpret comp_fun_idem Set.insert
    by (fact comp_fun_idem_insert)
  show ?thesis
    by standard (auto simp: fun_eq_iff comp_fun_commute split: prod.split)
qed

lemma Image_fold:
  assumes "finite R"
  shows "R `` S = Finite_Set.fold (λ(x,y) A. if x  S then Set.insert y A else A) {} R"
proof -
  interpret comp_fun_commute "(λ(x,y) A. if x  S then Set.insert y A else A)"
    by (rule comp_fun_commute_Image_fold)
  have *: "x F. Set.insert x F `` S = (if fst x  S then Set.insert (snd x) (F `` S) else (F `` S))"
    by (force intro: rev_ImageI)
  show ?thesis
    using assms by (induct R) (auto simp: * )
qed

lemma insert_relcomp_union_fold:
  assumes "finite S"
  shows "{x} O S  X = Finite_Set.fold (λ(w,z) A'. if snd x = w then Set.insert (fst x,z) A' else A') X S"
proof -
  interpret comp_fun_commute "λ(w,z) A'. if snd x = w then Set.insert (fst x,z) A' else A'"
  proof -
    interpret comp_fun_idem Set.insert
      by (fact comp_fun_idem_insert)
    show "comp_fun_commute (λ(w,z) A'. if snd x = w then Set.insert (fst x,z) A' else A')"
      by standard (auto simp add: fun_eq_iff split: prod.split)
  qed
  have *: "{x} O S = {(x', z). x' = fst x  (snd x, z)  S}"
    by (auto simp: relcomp_unfold intro!: exI)
  show ?thesis
    unfolding * using finite S by (induct S) (auto split: prod.split)
qed

lemma insert_relcomp_fold:
  assumes "finite S"
  shows "Set.insert x R O S =
    Finite_Set.fold (λ(w,z) A'. if snd x = w then Set.insert (fst x,z) A' else A') (R O S) S"
proof -
  have "Set.insert x R O S = ({x} O S)  (R O S)"
    by auto
  then show ?thesis
    by (auto simp: insert_relcomp_union_fold [OF assms])
qed

lemma comp_fun_commute_relcomp_fold:
  assumes "finite S"
  shows "comp_fun_commute (λ(x,y) A.
    Finite_Set.fold (λ(w,z) A'. if y = w then Set.insert (x,z) A' else A') A S)"
proof -
  have *: "a b A.
    Finite_Set.fold (λ(w, z) A'. if b = w then Set.insert (a, z) A' else A') A S = {(a,b)} O S  A"
    by (auto simp: insert_relcomp_union_fold[OF assms] cong: if_cong)
  show ?thesis
    by standard (auto simp: * )
qed

lemma relcomp_fold:
  assumes "finite R" "finite S"
  shows "R O S = Finite_Set.fold
    (λ(x,y) A. Finite_Set.fold (λ(w,z) A'. if y = w then Set.insert (x,z) A' else A') A S) {} R"
proof -
  interpret commute_relcomp_fold: comp_fun_commute
    "(λ(x, y) A. Finite_Set.fold (λ(w, z) A'. if y = w then insert (x, z) A' else A') A S)"
    by (fact comp_fun_commute_relcomp_fold[OF finite S])
  from assms show ?thesis
    by (induct R) (auto simp: comp_fun_commute_relcomp_fold insert_relcomp_fold cong: if_cong)
qed


subsection ‹Locales as mini-packages for fold operations›

subsubsection ‹The natural case›

locale folding_on =
  fixes S :: "'a set"
  fixes f :: "'a  'b  'b" and z :: "'b"
  assumes comp_fun_commute_on: "x  S  y  S  f y o f x = f x o f y"
begin

interpretation fold?: comp_fun_commute_on S f
  by standard (simp add: comp_fun_commute_on)

definition F :: "'a set  'b"
  where eq_fold: "F A = Finite_Set.fold f z A"

lemma empty [simp]: "F {} = z"
  by (simp add: eq_fold)

lemma infinite [simp]: "¬ finite A  F A = z"
  by (simp add: eq_fold)

lemma insert [simp]:
  assumes "insert x A  S" and "finite A" and "x  A"
  shows "F (insert x A) = f x (F A)"
proof -
  from fold_insert assms
  have "Finite_Set.fold f z (insert x A) 
      = f x (Finite_Set.fold f z A)"
    by simp
  with finite A show ?thesis by (simp add: eq_fold fun_eq_iff)
qed

lemma remove:
  assumes "A  S" and "finite A" and "x  A"
  shows "F A = f x (F (A - {x}))"
proof -
  from x  A obtain B where A: "A = insert x B" and "x  B"
    by (auto dest: mk_disjoint_insert)
  moreover from finite A A have "finite B" by simp
  ultimately show ?thesis
    using A  S by auto
qed

lemma insert_remove:
  assumes "insert x A  S" and "finite A"
  shows "F (insert x A) = f x (F (A - {x}))"
  using assms by (cases "x  A") (simp_all add: remove insert_absorb)

end


subsubsection ‹With idempotency›

locale folding_idem_on = folding_on +
  assumes comp_fun_idem_on: "x  S  y  S  f x  f x = f x"
begin

declare insert [simp del]

interpretation fold?: comp_fun_idem_on S f
  by standard (simp_all add: comp_fun_commute_on comp_fun_idem_on)

lemma insert_idem [simp]:
  assumes "insert x A  S" and "finite A"
  shows "F (insert x A) = f x (F A)"
proof -
  from fold_insert_idem assms
  have "fold f z (insert x A) = f x (fold f z A)" by simp
  with finite A show ?thesis by (simp add: eq_fold fun_eq_iff)
qed

end

subsubsection termUNIV as the carrier set›

locale folding =
  fixes f :: "'a  'b  'b" and z :: "'b"
  assumes comp_fun_commute: "f y  f x = f x  f y"
begin

lemma (in -) folding_def': "folding f = folding_on UNIV f"
  unfolding folding_def folding_on_def by blast

text ‹
  Again, we abuse the rewrites› functionality of locales to remove trivial assumptions that
  result from instantiating the carrier set to termUNIV.
›
sublocale folding_on UNIV f
  rewrites "X. (X  UNIV)  True"
       and "x. x  UNIV  True"
       and "P. (True  P)  Trueprop P"
       and "P Q. (True  PROP P  PROP Q)  (PROP P  True  PROP Q)"
proof -
  show "folding_on UNIV f"
    by standard (simp add: comp_fun_commute)
qed simp_all

end

locale folding_idem = folding +
  assumes comp_fun_idem: "f x  f x = f x"
begin

lemma (in -) folding_idem_def': "folding_idem f = folding_idem_on UNIV f"
  unfolding folding_idem_def folding_def' folding_idem_on_def
  unfolding folding_idem_axioms_def folding_idem_on_axioms_def
  by blast

text ‹
  Again, we abuse the rewrites› functionality of locales to remove trivial assumptions that
  result from instantiating the carrier set to termUNIV.
›
sublocale folding_idem_on UNIV f
  rewrites "X. (X  UNIV)  True"
       and "x. x  UNIV  True"
       and "P. (True  P)  Trueprop P"
       and "P Q. (True  PROP P  PROP Q)  (PROP P  True  PROP Q)"
proof -
  show "folding_idem_on UNIV f"
    by standard (simp add: comp_fun_idem)
qed simp_all

end


subsection ‹Finite cardinality›

text ‹
  The traditional definition
  propcard A  LEAST n. f. A = {f i |i. i < n}
  is ugly to work with.
  But now that we have constfold things are easy:
›

global_interpretation card: folding "λ_. Suc" 0
  defines card = "folding_on.F (λ_. Suc) 0"
  by standard (rule refl)

lemma card_insert_disjoint: "finite A  x  A  card (insert x A) = Suc (card A)"
  by (fact card.insert)

lemma card_insert_if: "finite A  card (insert x A) = (if x  A then card A else Suc (card A))"
  by auto (simp add: card.insert_remove card.remove)

lemma card_ge_0_finite: "card A > 0  finite A"
  by (rule ccontr) simp

lemma card_0_eq [simp]: "finite A  card A = 0  A = {}"
  by (auto dest: mk_disjoint_insert)

lemma finite_UNIV_card_ge_0: "finite (UNIV :: 'a set)  card (UNIV :: 'a set) > 0"
  by (rule ccontr) simp

lemma card_eq_0_iff: "card A = 0  A = {}  ¬ finite A"
  by auto

lemma card_range_greater_zero: "finite (range f)  card (range f) > 0"
  by (rule ccontr) (simp add: card_eq_0_iff)

lemma card_gt_0_iff: "0 < card A  A  {}  finite A"
  by (simp add: neq0_conv [symmetric] card_eq_0_iff)

lemma card_Suc_Diff1:
  assumes "finite A" "x  A" shows "Suc (card (A - {x})) = card A"
proof -
  have "Suc (card (A - {x})) = card (insert x (A - {x}))"
    using assms by (simp add: card.insert_remove)
  also have "... = card A"
    using assms by (simp add: card_insert_if)
  finally show ?thesis .
qed

lemma card_insert_le_m1:
  assumes "n > 0" "card y  n - 1" shows  "card (insert x y)  n"
  using assms
  by (cases "finite y") (auto simp: card_insert_if)

lemma card_Diff_singleton:
  assumes "x  A" shows "card (A - {x}) = card A - 1"
proof (cases "finite A")
  case True
  with assms show ?thesis
    by (simp add: card_Suc_Diff1 [symmetric])
qed auto

lemma card_Diff_singleton_if:
  "card (A - {x}) = (if x  A then card A - 1 else card A)"
  by (simp add: card_Diff_singleton)

lemma card_Diff_insert[simp]:
  assumes "a  A" and "a  B"
  shows "card (A - insert a B) = card (A - B) - 1"
proof -
  have "A - insert a B = (A - B) - {a}"
    using assms by blast
  then show ?thesis
    using assms by (simp add: card_Diff_singleton)
qed

lemma card_insert_le: "card A  card (insert x A)"
proof (cases "finite A")
  case True
  then show ?thesis   by (simp add: card_insert_if)
qed auto

lemma card_Collect_less_nat[simp]: "card {i::nat. i < n} = n"
  by (induct n) (simp_all add:less_Suc_eq Collect_disj_eq)

lemma card_Collect_le_nat[simp]: "card {i::nat. i  n} = Suc n"
  using card_Collect_less_nat[of "Suc n"] by (simp add: less_Suc_eq_le)

lemma card_mono:
  assumes "finite B" and "A  B"
  shows "card A  card B"
proof -
  from assms have "finite A"
    by (auto intro: finite_subset)
  then show ?thesis
    using assms
  proof (induct A arbitrary: B)
    case empty
    then show ?case by simp
  next
    case (insert x A)
    then have "x  B"
      by simp
    from insert have "A  B - {x}" and "finite (B - {x})"
      by auto
    with insert.hyps have "card A  card (B - {x})"
      by auto
    with finite A x  A finite B x  B show ?case
      by simp (simp only: card.remove)
  qed
qed

lemma card_seteq: 
  assumes "finite B" and A: "A  B" "card B  card A"
  shows "A = B"
  using assms
proof (induction arbitrary: A rule: finite_induct)
  case (insert b B)
  then have A: "finite A" "A - {b}  B" 
    by force+
  then have "card B  card (A - {b})"
    using insert by (auto simp add: card_Diff_singleton_if)
  then have "A - {b} = B"
    using A insert.IH by auto
  then show ?case 
    using insert.hyps insert.prems by auto
qed auto

lemma psubset_card_mono: "finite B  A < B  card A < card B"
  using card_seteq [of B A] by (auto simp add: psubset_eq)

lemma card_Un_Int:
  assumes "finite A" "finite B"
  shows "card A + card B = card (A  B) + card (A  B)"
  using assms
proof (induct A)
  case empty
  then show ?case by simp
next
  case insert
  then show ?case
    by (auto simp add: insert_absorb Int_insert_left)
qed

lemma card_Un_disjoint: "finite A  finite B  A  B = {}  card (A  B) = card A + card B"
  using card_Un_Int [of A B] by simp

lemma card_Un_disjnt: "finite A; finite B; disjnt A B  card (A  B) = card A + card B"
  by (simp add: card_Un_disjoint disjnt_def)

lemma card_Un_le: "card (A  B)  card A + card B"
proof (cases "finite A  finite B")
  case True
  then show ?thesis
    using le_iff_add card_Un_Int [of A B] by auto
qed auto

lemma card_Diff_subset:
  assumes "finite B"
    and "B  A"
  shows "card (A - B) = card A - card B"
  using assms
proof (cases "finite A")
  case False
  with assms show ?thesis
    by simp
next
  case True
  with assms show ?thesis
    by (induct B arbitrary: A) simp_all
qed

lemma card_Diff_subset_Int:
  assumes "finite (A  B)"
  shows "card (A - B) = card A - card (A  B)"
proof -
  have "A - B = A - A  B" by auto
  with assms show ?thesis
    by (simp add: card_Diff_subset)
qed

lemma card_Int_Diff:
  assumes "finite A"
  shows "card A = card (A  B) + card (A - B)"
  by (simp add: assms card_Diff_subset_Int card_mono)

lemma diff_card_le_card_Diff:
  assumes "finite B"
  shows "card A - card B  card (A - B)"
proof -
  have "card A - card B  card A - card (A  B)"
    using card_mono[OF assms Int_lower2, of A] by arith
  also have " = card (A - B)"
    using assms by (simp add: card_Diff_subset_Int)
  finally show ?thesis .
qed

lemma card_le_sym_Diff:
  assumes "finite A" "finite B" "card A  card B"
  shows "card(A - B)  card(B - A)"
proof -
  have "card(A - B) = card A - card (A  B)" using assms(1,2) by(simp add: card_Diff_subset_Int)
  also have "  card B - card (A  B)" using assms(3) by linarith
  also have " = card(B - A)" using assms(1,2) by(simp add: card_Diff_subset_Int Int_commute)
  finally show ?thesis .
qed

lemma card_less_sym_Diff:
  assumes "finite A" "finite B" "card A < card B"
  shows "card(A - B) < card(B - A)"
proof -
  have "card(A - B) = card A - card (A  B)" using assms(1,2) by(simp add: card_Diff_subset_Int)
  also have " < card B - card (A  B)" using assms(1,3) by (simp add: card_mono diff_less_mono)
  also have " = card(B - A)" using assms(1,2) by(simp add: card_Diff_subset_Int Int_commute)
  finally show ?thesis .
qed

lemma card_Diff1_less_iff: "card (A - {x}) < card A  finite A  x  A"
proof (cases "finite A  x  A")
  case True
  then show ?thesis
    by (auto simp: card_gt_0_iff intro: diff_less)
qed auto

lemma card_Diff1_less: "finite A  x  A  card (A - {x}) < card A"
  unfolding card_Diff1_less_iff by auto

lemma card_Diff2_less:
  assumes "finite A" "x  A" "y  A" shows "card (A - {x} - {y}) < card A"
proof (cases "x = y")
  case True
  with assms show ?thesis
    by (simp add: card_Diff1_less del: card_Diff_insert)
next
  case False
  then have "card (A - {x} - {y}) < card (A - {x})" "card (A - {x}) < card A"
    using assms by (intro card_Diff1_less; simp)+
  then show ?thesis
    by (blast intro: less_trans)
qed

lemma card_Diff1_le: "card (A - {x})  card A"
proof (cases "finite A")
  case True
  then show ?thesis  
    by (cases "x  A") (simp_all add: card_Diff1_less less_imp_le)
qed auto

lemma card_psubset: "finite B  A  B  card A < card B  A < B"
  by (erule psubsetI) blast

lemma card_le_inj:
  assumes fA: "finite A"
    and fB: "finite B"
    and c: "card A  card B"
  shows "f. f ` A  B  inj_on f A"
  using fA fB c
proof (induct arbitrary: B rule: finite_induct)
  case empty
  then show ?case by simp
next
  case (insert x s t)
  then show ?case
  proof (induct rule: finite_induct [OF insert.prems(1)])
    case 1
    then show ?case by simp
  next
    case (2 y t)
    from "2.prems"(1,2,5) "2.hyps"(1,2) have cst: "card s  card t"
      by simp
    from "2.prems"(3) [OF "2.hyps"(1) cst]
    obtain f where *: "f ` s  t" "inj_on f s"
      by blast
    let ?g = "(λa. if a = x then y else f a)"
    have "?g ` insert x s  insert y t  inj_on ?g (insert x s)"
      using * "2.prems"(2) "2.hyps"(2) unfolding inj_on_def by auto
    then show ?case by (rule exI[where ?x="?g"])
  qed
qed

lemma card_subset_eq:
  assumes fB: "finite B"
    and AB: "A  B"
    and c: "card A = card B"
  shows "A = B"
proof -
  from fB AB have fA: "finite A"
    by (auto intro: finite_subset)
  from fA fB have fBA: "finite (B - A)"
    by auto
  have e: "A  (B - A) = {}"
    by blast
  have eq: "A  (B - A) = B"
    using AB by blast
  from card_Un_disjoint[OF fA fBA e, unfolded eq c] have "card (B - A) = 0"
    by arith
  then have "B - A = {}"
    unfolding card_eq_0_iff using fA fB by simp
  with AB show "A = B"
    by blast
qed

lemma insert_partition:
  "x  F  c1  insert x F. c2  insert x F. c1  c2  c1  c2 = {}  x  F = {}"
  by auto

lemma finite_psubset_induct [consumes 1, case_names psubset]:
  assumes finite: "finite A"
    and major: "A. finite A  (B. B  A  P B)  P A"
  shows "P A"
  using finite
proof (induct A taking: card rule: measure_induct_rule)
  case (less A)
  have fin: "finite A" by fact
  have ih: "card B < card A  finite B  P B" for B by fact
  have "P B" if "B  A" for B
  proof -
    from that have "card B < card A"
      using psubset_card_mono fin by blast
    moreover
    from that have "B  A"
      by auto
    then have "finite B"
      using fin finite_subset by blast
    ultimately show ?thesis using ih by simp
  qed
  with fin show "P A" using major by blast
qed

lemma finite_induct_select [consumes 1, case_names empty select]:
  assumes "finite S"
    and "P {}"
    and select: "T. T  S  P T  sS - T. P (insert s T)"
  shows "P S"
proof -
  have "0  card S" by simp
  then have "T  S. card T = card S  P T"
  proof (induct rule: dec_induct)
    case base with P {}
    show ?case
      by (intro exI[of _ "{}"]) auto
  next
    case (step n)
    then obtain T where T: "T  S" "card T = n" "P T"
      by auto
    with n < card S have "T  S" "P T"
      by auto
    with select[of T] obtain s where "s  S" "s  T" "P (insert s T)"
      by auto
    with step(2) T finite S show ?case
      by (intro exI[of _ "insert s T"]) (auto dest: finite_subset)
  qed
  with finite S show "P S"
    by (auto dest: card_subset_eq)
qed

lemma remove_induct [case_names empty infinite remove]:
  assumes empty: "P ({} :: 'a set)"
    and infinite: "¬ finite B  P B"
    and remove: "A. finite A  A  {}  A  B  (x. x  A  P (A - {x}))  P A"
  shows "P B"
proof (cases "finite B")
  case False
  then show ?thesis by (rule infinite)
next
  case True
  define A where "A = B"
  with True have "finite A" "A  B"
    by simp_all
  then show "P A"
  proof (induct "card A" arbitrary: A)
    case 0
    then have "A = {}" by auto
    with empty show ?case by simp
  next
    case (Suc n A)
    from A  B and finite B have "finite A"
      by (rule finite_subset)
    moreover from Suc.hyps have "A  {}" by auto
    moreover note A  B
    moreover have "P (A - {x})" if x: "x  A" for x
      using x Suc.prems Suc n = card A by (intro Suc) auto
    ultimately show ?case by (rule remove)
  qed
qed

lemma finite_remove_induct [consumes 1, case_names empty remove]:
  fixes P :: "'a set  bool"
  assumes "finite B"
    and "P {}"
    and "A. finite A  A  {}  A  B  (x. x  A  P (A - {x}))  P A"
  defines "B'  B"
  shows "P B'"
  by (induct B' rule: remove_induct) (simp_all add: assms)


text ‹Main cardinality theorem.›
lemma card_partition [rule_format]:
  "finite C  finite (C)  (cC. card c = k) 
    (c1  C. c2  C. c1  c2  c1  c2 = {}) 
    k * card C = card (C)"
proof (induct rule: finite_induct)
  case empty
  then show ?case by simp
next
  case (insert x F)
  then show ?case
    by (simp add: card_Un_disjoint insert_partition finite_subset [of _ "(insert _ _)"])
qed

lemma card_eq_UNIV_imp_eq_UNIV:
  assumes fin: "finite (UNIV :: 'a set)"
    and card: "card A = card (UNIV :: 'a set)"
  shows "A = (UNIV :: 'a set)"
proof
  show "A  UNIV" by simp
  show "UNIV  A"
  proof
    show "x  A" for x
    proof (rule ccontr)
      assume "x  A"
      then have "A  UNIV" by auto
      with fin have "card A < card (UNIV :: 'a set)"
        by (fact psubset_card_mono)
      with card show False by simp
    qed
  qed
qed

text ‹The form of a finite set of given cardinality›

lemma card_eq_SucD:
  assumes "card A = Suc k"
  shows "b B. A = insert b B  b  B  card B = k  (k = 0  B = {})"
proof -
  have fin: "finite A"
    using assms by (auto intro: ccontr)
  moreover have "card A  0"
    using assms by auto
  ultimately obtain b where b: "b  A"
    by auto
  show ?thesis
  proof (intro exI conjI)
    show "A = insert b (A - {b})"
      using b by blast
    show "b  A - {b}"
      by blast
    show "card (A - {b}) = k" and "k = 0  A - {b} = {}"
      using assms b fin by (fastforce dest: mk_disjoint_insert)+
  qed
qed

lemma card_Suc_eq:
  "card A = Suc k 
    (b B. A = insert b B  b  B  card B = k  (k = 0  B = {}))"
  by (auto simp: card_insert_if card_gt_0_iff elim!: card_eq_SucD)

lemma card_Suc_eq_finite:
  "card A = Suc k  (b B. A = insert b B  b  B  card B = k  finite B)"
  unfolding card_Suc_eq using card_gt_0_iff by fastforce

lemma card_1_singletonE:
  assumes "card A = 1"
  obtains x where "A = {x}"
  using assms by (auto simp: card_Suc_eq)

lemma is_singleton_altdef: "is_singleton A  card A = 1"
  unfolding is_singleton_def
  by (auto elim!: card_1_singletonE is_singletonE simp del: One_nat_def)

lemma card_1_singleton_iff: "card A = Suc 0  (x. A = {x})"
  by (simp add: card_Suc_eq)

lemma card_le_Suc0_iff_eq:
  assumes "finite A"
  shows "card A  Suc 0  (a1  A. a2  A. a1 = a2)" (is "?C = ?A")
proof
  assume ?C thus ?A using assms by (auto simp: le_Suc_eq dest: card_eq_SucD)
next
  assume ?A
  show ?C
  proof cases
    assume "A = {}" thus ?C using ?A by simp
  next
    assume "A  {}"
    then obtain a where "A = {a}" using ?A by blast
    thus ?C by simp
  qed
qed

lemma card_le_Suc_iff:
  "Suc n  card A = (a B. A = insert a B  a  B  n  card B  finite B)"
proof (cases "finite A")
  case True
  then show ?thesis
    by (fastforce simp: card_Suc_eq less_eq_nat.simps split: nat.splits)
qed auto

lemma finite_fun_UNIVD2:
  assumes fin: "finite (UNIV :: ('a  'b) set)"
  shows "finite (UNIV :: 'b set)"
proof -
  from fin have "finite (range (λf :: 'a  'b. f arbitrary))" for arbitrary
    by (rule finite_imageI)
  moreover have "UNIV = range (λf :: 'a  'b. f arbitrary)" for arbitrary
    by (rule UNIV_eq_I) auto
  ultimately show "finite (UNIV :: 'b set)"
    by simp
qed

lemma card_UNIV_unit [simp]: "card (UNIV :: unit set) = 1"
  unfolding UNIV_unit by simp

lemma infinite_arbitrarily_large:
  assumes "¬ finite A"
  shows "B. finite B  card B = n  B  A"
proof (induction n)
  case 0
  show ?case by (intro exI[of _ "{}"]) auto
next
  case (Suc n)
  then obtain B where B: "finite B  card B = n  B  A" ..
  with ¬ finite A have "A  B" by auto
  with B have "B  A" by auto
  then have "x. x  A - B"
    by (elim psubset_imp_ex_mem)
  then obtain x where x: "x  A - B" ..
  with B have "finite (insert x B)  card (insert x B) = Suc n  insert x B  A"
    by auto
  then show "B. finite B  card B = Suc n  B  A" ..
qed

text ‹Sometimes, to prove that a set is finite, it is convenient to work with finite subsets
and to show that their cardinalities are uniformly bounded. This possibility is formalized in
the next criterion.›

lemma finite_if_finite_subsets_card_bdd:
  assumes "G. G  F  finite G  card G  C"
  shows "finite F  card F  C"
proof (cases "finite F")
  case False
  obtain n::nat where n: "n > max C 0" by auto
  obtain G where G: "G  F" "card G = n" using infinite_arbitrarily_large[OF False] by auto
  hence "finite G" using n > max C 0 using card.infinite gr_implies_not0 by blast
  hence False using assms G n not_less by auto
  thus ?thesis ..
next
  case True thus ?thesis using assms[of F] by auto
qed

lemma obtain_subset_with_card_n:
  assumes "n  card S"
  obtains T where "T  S" "card T = n" "finite T"
proof -
  obtain n' where "card S = n + n'"
    using le_Suc_ex[OF assms] by blast
  with that show thesis
  proof (induct n' arbitrary: S)
    case 0 
    thus ?case by (cases "finite S") auto
  next
    case Suc 
    thus ?case by (auto simp add: card_Suc_eq)
  qed
qed

lemma exists_subset_between: 
  assumes 
    "card A  n" 
    "n  card C"
    "A  C"
    "finite C"
  shows "B. A  B  B  C  card B = n" 
  using assms 
proof (induct n arbitrary: A C)
  case 0
  thus ?case using finite_subset[of A C] by (intro exI[of _ "{}"], auto)
next
  case (Suc n A C)
  show ?case
  proof (cases "A = {}")
    case True
    from obtain_subset_with_card_n[OF Suc(3)]
    obtain B where "B  C" "card B = Suc n" by blast
    thus ?thesis unfolding True by blast
  next
    case False
    then obtain a where a: "a  A" by auto
    let ?A = "A - {a}" 
    let ?C = "C - {a}" 
    have 1: "card ?A  n" using Suc(2-) a 
      using finite_subset by fastforce 
    have 2: "card ?C  n" using Suc(2-) a by auto
    from Suc(1)[OF 1 2 _ finite_subset[OF _ Suc(5)]] Suc(2-)
    obtain B where "?A  B" "B  ?C" "card B = n" by blast
    thus ?thesis using a Suc(2-) 
      by (intro exI[of _ "insert a B"], auto intro!: card_insert_disjoint finite_subset[of B C])
  qed
qed


subsubsection ‹Cardinality of image›

lemma card_image_le: "finite A  card (f ` A)  card A"
  by (induct rule: finite_induct) (simp_all add: le_SucI card_insert_if)

lemma card_image: "inj_on f A  card (f ` A) = card A"
proof (induct A rule: infinite_finite_induct)
  case (infinite A)
  then have "¬ finite (f ` A)" by (auto dest: finite_imageD)
  with infinite show ?case by simp
qed simp_all

lemma bij_betw_same_card: "bij_betw f A B  card A = card B"
  by (auto simp: card_image bij_betw_def)

lemma endo_inj_surj: "finite A  f ` A  A  inj_on f A  f ` A = A"
  by (simp add: card_seteq card_image)

lemma eq_card_imp_inj_on:
  assumes "finite A" "card(f ` A) = card A"
  shows "inj_on f A"
  using assms
proof (induct rule:finite_induct)
  case empty
  show ?case by simp
next
  case (insert x A)
  then show ?case
    using card_image_le [of A f] by (simp add: card_insert_if split: if_splits)
qed

lemma inj_on_iff_eq_card: "finite A  inj_on f A  card (f ` A) = card A"
  by (blast intro: card_image eq_card_imp_inj_on)

lemma card_inj_on_le:
  assumes "inj_on f A" "f ` A  B" "finite B"
  shows "card A  card B"
proof -
  have "finite A"
    using assms by (blast intro: finite_imageD dest: finite_subset)
  then show ?thesis
    using assms by (force intro: card_mono simp: card_image [symmetric])
qed

lemma inj_on_iff_card_le:
  " finite A; finite B   (f. inj_on f A  f ` A  B) = (card A  card B)"
using card_inj_on_le[of _ A B] card_le_inj[of A B] by blast

lemma surj_card_le: "finite A  B  f ` A  card B  card A"
  by (blast intro: card_image_le card_mono le_trans)

lemma card_bij_eq:
  "inj_on f A  f ` A  B  inj_on g B  g ` B  A  finite A  finite B
     card A = card B"
  by (auto intro: le_antisym card_inj_on_le)

lemma bij_betw_finite: "bij_betw f A B  finite A  finite B"
  unfolding bij_betw_def using finite_imageD [of f A] by auto

lemma inj_on_finite: "inj_on f A  f ` A  B  finite B  finite A"
  using finite_imageD finite_subset by blast

lemma card_vimage_inj_on_le:
  assumes "inj_on f D" "finite A"
  shows "card (f-`A  D)  card A"
proof (rule card_inj_on_le)
  show "inj_on f (f -` A  D)"
    by (blast intro: assms inj_on_subset)
qed (use assms in auto)

lemma card_vimage_inj: "inj f  A  range f  card (f -` A) = card A"
  by (auto 4 3 simp: subset_image_iff inj_vimage_image_eq
      intro: card_image[symmetric, OF subset_inj_on])

lemma card_inverse[simp]: "card (R¯) = card R"
proof -
  have *: "R. prod.swap ` R = R¯" by auto
  {
    assume "¬finite R"
    hence ?thesis
      by auto
  } moreover {
    assume "finite R"
    with card_image_le[of R prod.swap] card_image_le[of "R¯" prod.swap]
    have ?thesis by (auto simp: * )
  } ultimately show ?thesis by blast
qed

subsubsection ‹Pigeonhole Principles›

lemma pigeonhole: "card A > card (f ` A)  ¬ inj_on f A "
  by (auto dest: card_image less_irrefl_nat)

lemma pigeonhole_infinite:
  assumes "¬ finite A" and "finite (f`A)"
  shows "a0A. ¬ finite {aA. f a = f a0}"
  using assms(2,1)
proof (induct "f`A" arbitrary: A rule: finite_induct)
  case empty
  then show ?case by simp
next
  case (insert b F)
  show ?case
  proof (cases "finite {aA. f a = b}")
    case True
    with ¬ finite A have "¬ finite (A - {aA. f a = b})"
      by simp
    also have "A - {aA. f a = b} = {aA. f a  b}"
      by blast
    finally have "¬ finite {aA. f a  b}" .
    from insert(3)[OF _ this] insert(2,4) show ?thesis
      by simp (blast intro: rev_finite_subset)
  next
    case False
    then have "{a  A. f a = b}  {}" by force
    with False show ?thesis by blast
  qed
qed

lemma pigeonhole_infinite_rel:
  assumes "¬ finite A"
    and "finite B"
    and "aA. bB. R a b"
  shows "bB. ¬ finite {a:A. R a b}"
proof -
  let ?F = "λa. {bB. R a b}"
  from finite_Pow_iff[THEN iffD2, OF finite B] have "finite (?F ` A)"
    by (blast intro: rev_finite_subset)
  from pigeonhole_infinite [where f = ?F, OF assms(1) this]
  obtain a0 where "a0  A" and infinite: "¬ finite {aA. ?F a = ?F a0}" ..
  obtain b0 where "b0  B" and "R a0 b0"
    using a0  A assms(3) by blast
  have "finite {aA. ?F a = ?F a0}" if "finite {aA. R a b0}"
    using b0  B R a0 b0 that by (blast intro: rev_finite_subset)
  with infinite b0  B show ?thesis
    by blast
qed


subsubsection ‹Cardinality of sums›

lemma card_Plus:
  assumes "finite A" "finite B"
  shows "card (A <+> B) = card A + card B"
proof -
  have "Inl`A  Inr`B = {}" by fast
  with assms show ?thesis
    by (simp add: Plus_def card_Un_disjoint card_image)
qed

lemma card_Plus_conv_if:
  "card (A <+> B) = (if finite A  finite B then card A + card B else 0)"
  by (auto simp add: card_Plus)

text ‹Relates to equivalence classes.  Based on a theorem of F. Kammüller.›

lemma dvd_partition:
  assumes f: "finite (C)"
    and "cC. k dvd card c" "c1C. c2C. c1  c2  c1  c2 = {}"
  shows "k dvd card (C)"
proof -
  have "finite C"
    by (rule finite_UnionD [OF f])
  then show ?thesis
    using assms
  proof (induct rule: finite_induct)
    case empty
    show ?case by simp
  next
    case (insert c C)
    then have "c  C = {}"
      by auto
    with insert show ?case
      by (simp add: card_Un_disjoint)
  qed
qed


subsection ‹Minimal and maximal elements of finite sets›

context begin

qualified lemma
  assumes "finite A" and "asymp_on A R" and "transp_on A R" and "x  A. P x"
  shows
    bex_min_element_with_property: "x  A. P x  (y  A. R y x  ¬ P y)" and
    bex_max_element_with_property: "x  A. P x  (y  A. R x y  ¬ P y)"
  unfolding atomize_conj
  using assms
proof (induction A rule: finite_induct)
  case empty
  hence False
    by simp_all
  thus ?case ..
next
  case (insert x F)

  from insert.prems have "asymp_on F R"
    using asymp_on_subset by blast

  from insert.prems have "transp_on F R"
    using transp_on_subset by blast

  show ?case
  proof (cases "P x")
    case True
    show ?thesis
    proof (cases "aF. P a")
      case True
      with insert.IH obtain min max where
        "min  F" and "P min" and "z  F. R z min  ¬ P z"
        "max  F" and "P max" and "z  F. R max z  ¬ P z"
        using asymp_on F R transp_on F R by auto

      show ?thesis
      proof (rule conjI)
        show "y  insert x F. P y  (z  insert x F. R y z  ¬ P z)"
        proof (cases "R max x")
          case True
          show ?thesis
          proof (intro bexI conjI ballI impI)
            show "x  insert x F"
              by simp
          next
            show "P x"
              using P x by simp
          next
            fix z assume "z  insert x F" and "R x z"
            hence "z = x  z  F"
              by simp
            thus "¬ P z"
            proof (rule disjE)
              assume "z = x"
              hence "R x x"
                using R x z by simp
              moreover have "¬ R x x"
                using asymp_on (insert x F) R[THEN irreflp_on_if_asymp_on, THEN irreflp_onD]
                by simp
              ultimately have False
                by simp
              thus ?thesis ..
            next
              assume "z  F"
              moreover have "R max z"
                using R max x R x z
                using transp_on (insert x F) R[THEN transp_onD, of max x z]
                using max  F z  F by simp
              ultimately show ?thesis
                using z  F. R max z  ¬ P z by simp
            qed
          qed
        next
          case False
          show ?thesis
          proof (intro bexI conjI ballI impI)
            show "max  insert x F"
              using max  F by simp
          next
            show "P max"
              using P max by simp
          next
            fix z assume "z  insert x F" and "R max z"
            hence "z = x  z  F"
              by simp
            thus "¬ P z"
            proof (rule disjE)
              assume "z = x"
              hence False
                using ¬ R max x R max z by simp
              thus ?thesis ..
            next
              assume "z  F"
              thus ?thesis
                using R max z zF. R max z  ¬ P z by simp
            qed
          qed
        qed
      next
        show "y  insert x F. P y  (z  insert x F. R z y  ¬ P z)"
        proof (cases "R x min")
          case True
          show ?thesis
          proof (intro bexI conjI ballI impI)
            show "x  insert x F"
              by simp
          next
            show "P x"
              using P x by simp
          next
            fix z assume "z  insert x F" and "R z x"
            hence "z = x  z  F"
              by simp
            thus "¬ P z"
            proof (rule disjE)
              assume "z = x"
              hence "R x x"
                using R z x by simp
              moreover have "¬ R x x"
                using asymp_on (insert x F) R[THEN irreflp_on_if_asymp_on, THEN irreflp_onD]
                by simp
              ultimately have False
                by simp
              thus ?thesis ..
            next
              assume "z  F"
              moreover have "R z min"
                using R z x R x min
                using transp_on (insert x F) R[THEN transp_onD, of z x min]
                using min  F z  F by simp
              ultimately show ?thesis
                using z  F. R z min  ¬ P z by simp
            qed
          qed
        next
          case False
          show ?thesis
          proof (intro bexI conjI ballI impI)
            show "min  insert x F"
              using min  F by simp
          next
            show "P min"
              using P min by simp
          next
            fix z assume "z  insert x F" and "R z min"
            hence "z = x  z  F"
              by simp
            thus "¬ P z"
            proof (rule disjE)
              assume "z = x"
              hence False
                using ¬ R x min R z min by simp
              thus ?thesis ..
            next
              assume "z  F"
              thus ?thesis
                using R z min zF. R z min  ¬ P z by simp
            qed
          qed
        qed
      qed
    next
      case False
      then show ?thesis
        using ainsert x F. P a
        using asymp_on (insert x F) R[THEN asymp_onD, of x] insert_iff[of _ x F]
        by blast
    qed
  next
    case False
    with insert.prems have "x  F. P x"
      by simp
    with insert.IH have
      "y  F. P y  (zF. R z y  ¬ P z)"
      "y  F. P y  (zF. R y z  ¬ P z)"
      using asymp_on F R transp_on F R by auto
    thus ?thesis
      using False by auto
  qed
qed

qualified lemma
  assumes "finite A" and "asymp_on A R" and "transp_on A R" and "A  {}"
  shows
    bex_min_element: "m  A. x  A. x  m  ¬ R x m" and
    bex_max_element: "m  A. x  A. x  m  ¬ R m x"
  using A  {}
    bex_min_element_with_property[OF assms(1,2,3), of "λ_. True", simplified]
    bex_max_element_with_property[OF assms(1,2,3), of "λ_. True", simplified]
  by blast+

end

text ‹The following alternative form might sometimes be easier to work with.›

lemma is_min_element_in_set_iff:
  "asymp_on A R  (y  A. y  x  ¬ R y x)  (y. R y x  y  A)"
  by (auto dest: asymp_onD)

lemma is_max_element_in_set_iff:
  "asymp_on A R  (y  A. y  x  ¬ R x y)  (y. R x y  y  A)"
  by (auto dest: asymp_onD)

context begin

qualified lemma
  assumes "finite A" and "A  {}" and "transp_on A R" and "totalp_on A R"
  shows
    bex_least_element: "l  A. x  A. x  l  R l x" and
    bex_greatest_element: "g  A. x  A. x  g  R x g"
  unfolding atomize_conj
  using assms
proof (induction A rule: finite_induct)
  case empty
  hence False by simp
  thus ?case ..
next
  case (insert a A')

  from insert.prems(2) have transp_on_A': "transp_on A' R"
    by (auto intro: transp_onI dest: transp_onD)

  from insert.prems(3) have
    totalp_on_a_A'_raw: "y  A'. a  y  R a y  R y a" and
    totalp_on_A': "totalp_on A' R"
    by (simp_all add: totalp_on_def)

  show ?case
  proof (cases "A' = {}")
    case True
    thus ?thesis by simp
  next
    case False
    then obtain least greatest where
      "least  A'" and least_of_A': "xA'. x  least  R least x" and
      "greatest  A'" and greatest_of_A': "xA'. x  greatest  R x greatest"
      using insert.IH[OF _ transp_on_A' totalp_on_A'] by auto

    show ?thesis
    proof (rule conjI)
      show "linsert a A'. xinsert a A'. x  l  R l x"
      proof (cases "R a least")
        case True
        show ?thesis
        proof (intro bexI ballI impI)
          show "a  insert a A'"
            by simp
        next
          fix x
          show "x. x  insert a A'  x  a  R a x"
            using True least  A' least_of_A'
            using insert.prems(2)[THEN transp_onD, of a least]
            by auto
        qed
      next
        case False
        show ?thesis
        proof (intro bexI ballI impI)
          show "least  insert a A'"
            using least  A' by simp
        next
          fix x
          show "x  insert a A'  x  least  R least x"
            using False least  A' least_of_A' totalp_on_a_A'_raw
            by (cases "x = a") auto
        qed
      qed
    next
      show "g  insert a A'. x  insert a A'. x  g  R x g"
      proof (cases "R greatest a")
        case True
        show ?thesis
        proof (intro bexI ballI impI)
          show "a  insert a A'"
            by simp
        next
          fix x
          show "x. x  insert a A'  x  a  R x a"
            using True greatest  A' greatest_of_A'
            using insert.prems(2)[THEN transp_onD, of _ greatest a]
            by auto
        qed
      next
        case False
        show ?thesis
        proof (intro bexI ballI impI)
          show "greatest  insert a A'"
            using greatest  A' by simp
        next
          fix x
          show "x  insert a A'  x  greatest  R x greatest"
            using False greatest  A' greatest_of_A' totalp_on_a_A'_raw
            by (cases "x = a") auto
        qed
      qed
    qed
  qed
qed

end

subsubsection ‹Finite orders›

context order
begin

lemma finite_has_maximal:
  assumes "finite A" and "A  {}"
  shows " m  A.  b  A. m  b  m = b"
proof -
  obtain m where "m  A" and m_is_max: "xA. x  m  ¬ m < x"
    using Finite_Set.bex_max_element[OF finite A _ _ A  {}, of "(<)"] by auto
  moreover have "b  A. m  b  m = b"
    using m_is_max by (auto simp: le_less)
  ultimately show ?thesis
    by auto
qed

lemma finite_has_maximal2:
  " finite A; a  A    m  A. a  m  ( b  A. m  b  m = b)"
using finite_has_maximal[of "{b  A. a  b}"] by fastforce

lemma finite_has_minimal:
  assumes "finite A" and "A  {}"
  shows " m  A.  b  A. b  m  m = b"
proof -
  obtain m where "m  A" and m_is_min: "xA. x  m  ¬ x < m"
    using Finite_Set.bex_min_element[OF finite A _ _ A  {}, of "(<)"] by auto
  moreover have "b  A. b  m  m = b"
    using m_is_min by (auto simp: le_less)
  ultimately show ?thesis
    by auto
qed

lemma finite_has_minimal2:
  " finite A; a  A    m  A. m  a  ( b  A. b  m  m = b)"
using finite_has_minimal[of "{b  A. b  a}"] by fastforce

end

subsubsection ‹Relating injectivity and surjectivity›

lemma finite_surj_inj:
  assumes "finite A" "A  f ` A"
  shows "inj_on f A"
proof -
  have "f ` A = A"
    by (rule card_seteq [THEN sym]) (auto simp add: assms card_image_le)
  then show ?thesis using assms
    by (simp add: eq_card_imp_inj_on)
qed

lemma finite_UNIV_surj_inj: "finite(UNIV:: 'a set)  surj f  inj f"
  for f :: "'a  'a"
  by (blast intro: finite_surj_inj subset_UNIV)

lemma finite_UNIV_inj_surj: "finite(UNIV:: 'a set)  inj f  surj f"
  for f :: "'a  'a"
  by (fastforce simp:surj_def dest!: endo_inj_surj)

lemma surjective_iff_injective_gen:
  assumes fS: "finite S"
    and fT: "finite T"
    and c: "card S = card T"
    and ST: "f ` S  T"
  shows "(y  T. x  S. f x = y)  inj_on f S"
  (is "?lhs  ?rhs")
proof
  assume h: "?lhs"
  {
    fix x y
    assume x: "x  S"
    assume y: "y  S"
    assume f: "f x = f y"
    from x fS have S0: "card S  0"
      by auto
    have "x = y"
    proof (rule ccontr)
      assume xy: "¬ ?thesis"
      have th: "card S  card (f ` (S - {y}))"
        unfolding c
      proof (rule card_mono)
        show "finite (f ` (S - {y}))"
          by (simp add: fS)
        have "x  y; x  S; z  S; f x = f y
          x  S. x  y  f z = f x" for z
          by (cases "z = y  z = x") auto
        then show "T  f ` (S - {y})"
          using h xy x y f by fastforce
      qed
      also have "   card (S - {y})"
        by (simp add: card_image_le fS)
      also have "  card S - 1" using y fS by simp
      finally show False using S0 by arith
    qed
  }
  then show ?rhs
    unfolding inj_on_def by blast
next
  assume h: ?rhs
  have "f ` S = T"
    by (simp add: ST c card_image card_subset_eq fT h)
  then show ?lhs by blast
qed

hide_const (open) Finite_Set.fold


subsection ‹Infinite Sets›

text ‹
  Some elementary facts about infinite sets, mostly by Stephan Merz.
  Beware! Because "infinite" merely abbreviates a negation, these
  lemmas may not work well with blast›.
›

abbreviation infinite :: "'a set  bool"
  where "infinite S  ¬ finite S"

text ‹
  Infinite sets are non-empty, and if we remove some elements from an
  infinite set, the result is still infinite.
›

lemma infinite_UNIV_nat [iff]: "infinite (UNIV :: nat set)"
proof
  assume "finite (UNIV :: nat set)"
  with finite_UNIV_inj_surj [of Suc] show False
    by simp (blast dest: Suc_neq_Zero surjD)
qed

lemma infinite_UNIV_char_0: "infinite (UNIV :: 'a::semiring_char_0 set)"
proof
  assume "finite (UNIV :: 'a set)"
  with subset_UNIV have "finite (range of_nat :: 'a set)"
    by (rule finite_subset)
  moreover have "inj (of_nat :: nat  'a)"
    by (simp add: inj_on_def)
  ultimately have "finite (UNIV :: nat set)"
    by (rule finite_imageD)
  then show False
    by simp
qed

lemma infinite_imp_nonempty: "infinite S  S  {}"
  by auto

lemma infinite_remove: "infinite S  infinite (S - {a})"
  by simp

lemma Diff_infinite_finite:
  assumes "finite T" "infinite S"
  shows "infinite (S - T)"
  using finite T
proof induct
  from infinite S show "infinite (S - {})"
    by auto
next
  fix T x
  assume ih: "infinite (S - T)"
  have "S - (insert x T) = (S - T) - {x}"
    by (rule Diff_insert)
  with ih show "infinite (S - (insert x T))"
    by (simp add: infinite_remove)
qed

lemma Un_infinite: "infinite S  infinite (S  T)"
  by simp

lemma infinite_Un: "infinite (S  T)  infinite S  infinite T"
  by simp

lemma infinite_super:
  assumes "S  T"
    and "infinite S"
  shows "infinite T"
proof
  assume "finite T"
  with S  T have "finite S" by (simp add: finite_subset)
  with infinite S show False by simp
qed

proposition infinite_coinduct [consumes 1, case_names infinite]:
  assumes "X A"
    and step: "A. X A  xA. X (A - {x})  infinite (A - {x})"
  shows "infinite A"
proof
  assume "finite A"
  then show False
    using X A
  proof (induction rule: finite_psubset_induct)
    case (psubset A)
    then obtain x where "x  A" "X (A - {x})  infinite (A - {x})"
      using local.step psubset.prems by blast
    then have "X (A - {x})"
      using psubset.hyps by blast
    show False
    proof (rule psubset.IH [where B = "A - {x}"])
      show "A - {x}  A"
        using x  A by blast
    qed fact
  qed
qed

text ‹
  For any function with infinite domain and finite range there is some
  element that is the image of infinitely many domain elements.  In
  particular, any infinite sequence of elements from a finite set
  contains some element that occurs infinitely often.
›

lemma inf_img_fin_dom':
  assumes img: "finite (f ` A)"
    and dom: "infinite A"
  shows "y  f ` A. infinite (f -` {y}  A)"
proof (rule ccontr)
  have "A  (yf ` A. f -` {y}  A)" by auto
  moreover assume "¬ ?thesis"
  with img have "finite (yf ` A. f -` {y}  A)" by blast
  ultimately have "finite A" by (rule finite_subset)
  with dom show False by contradiction
qed

lemma inf_img_fin_domE':
  assumes "finite (f ` A)" and "infinite A"
  obtains y where "y  f`A" and "infinite (f -` {y}  A)"
  using assms by (blast dest: inf_img_fin_dom')

lemma inf_img_fin_dom:
  assumes img: "finite (f`A)" and dom: "infinite A"
  shows "y  f`A. infinite (f -` {y})"
  using inf_img_fin_dom'[OF assms] by auto

lemma inf_img_fin_domE:
  assumes "finite (f`A)" and "infinite A"
  obtains y where "y  f`A" and "infinite (f -` {y})"
  using assms by (blast dest: inf_img_fin_dom)

proposition finite_image_absD: "finite (abs ` S)  finite S"
  for S :: "'a::linordered_ring set"
  by (rule ccontr) (auto simp: abs_eq_iff vimage_def dest: inf_img_fin_dom)


subsection ‹The finite powerset operator›

definition Fpow :: "'a set  'a set set"
where "Fpow A  {X. X  A  finite X}"

lemma Fpow_mono: "A  B  Fpow A  Fpow B"
unfolding Fpow_def by auto

lemma empty_in_Fpow: "{}  Fpow A"
unfolding Fpow_def by auto

lemma Fpow_not_empty: "Fpow A  {}"
using empty_in_Fpow by blast

lemma Fpow_subset_Pow: "Fpow A  Pow A"
unfolding Fpow_def by auto

lemma Fpow_Pow_finite: "Fpow A = Pow A Int {A. finite A}"
unfolding Fpow_def Pow_def by blast

lemma inj_on_image_Fpow:
  assumes "inj_on f A"
  shows "inj_on (image f) (Fpow A)"
  using assms Fpow_subset_Pow[of A] subset_inj_on[of "image f" "Pow A"]
    inj_on_image_Pow by blast

lemma image_Fpow_mono:
  assumes "f ` A  B"
  shows "(image f) ` (Fpow A)  Fpow B"
  using assms by(unfold Fpow_def, auto)

end