Theory HOL-Combinatorics.Permutations

(*  Author:     Amine Chaieb, University of Cambridge
*)

section ‹Permutations, both general and specifically on finite sets.›

theory Permutations
  imports
    "HOL-Library.Multiset"
    "HOL-Library.Disjoint_Sets"
    Transposition
begin

subsection ‹Auxiliary›

abbreviation (input) fixpoints :: ('a  'a)  'a set
  where fixpoints f  {x. f x = x}

lemma inj_on_fixpoints:
  inj_on f (fixpoints f)
  by (rule inj_onI) simp

lemma bij_betw_fixpoints:
  bij_betw f (fixpoints f) (fixpoints f)
  using inj_on_fixpoints by (auto simp add: bij_betw_def)


subsection ‹Basic definition and consequences›

definition permutes :: ('a  'a)  'a set  bool  (infixr permutes 41)
  where p permutes S  (x. x  S  p x = x)  (y. ∃!x. p x = y)

lemma bij_imp_permutes:
  p permutes S if bij_betw p S S and stable: x. x  S  p x = x
proof -
  note bij_betw p S S
  moreover have bij_betw p (- S) (- S)
    by (auto simp add: stable intro!: bij_betw_imageI inj_onI)
  ultimately have bij_betw p (S  - S) (S  - S)
    by (rule bij_betw_combine) simp
  then have ∃!x. p x = y for y
    by (simp add: bij_iff)
  with stable show ?thesis
    by (simp add: permutes_def)
qed

context
  fixes p :: 'a  'a and S :: 'a set
  assumes perm: p permutes S
begin

lemma permutes_inj:
  inj p
  using perm by (auto simp: permutes_def inj_on_def)

lemma permutes_image:
  p ` S = S
proof (rule set_eqI)
  fix x
  show x  p ` S  x  S
  proof
    assume x  p ` S
    then obtain y where y  S p y = x
      by blast
    with perm show x  S
      by (cases y = x) (auto simp add: permutes_def)
  next
    assume x  S
    with perm obtain y where y  S p y = x
      by (metis permutes_def)
    then show x  p ` S
      by blast
  qed
qed

lemma permutes_not_in:
  x  S  p x = x
  using perm by (auto simp: permutes_def)

lemma permutes_image_complement:
  p ` (- S) = - S
  by (auto simp add: permutes_not_in)

lemma permutes_in_image:
  p x  S  x  S
  using permutes_image permutes_inj by (auto dest: inj_image_mem_iff)

lemma permutes_surj:
  surj p
proof -
  have p ` (S  - S) = p ` S  p ` (- S)
    by (rule image_Un)
  then show ?thesis
    by (simp add: permutes_image permutes_image_complement)
qed

lemma permutes_inv_o:
  shows "p  inv p = id"
    and "inv p  p = id"
  using permutes_inj permutes_surj
  unfolding inj_iff [symmetric] surj_iff [symmetric] by auto

lemma permutes_inverses:
  shows "p (inv p x) = x"
    and "inv p (p x) = x"
  using permutes_inv_o [unfolded fun_eq_iff o_def] by auto

lemma permutes_inv_eq:
  inv p y = x  p x = y
  by (auto simp add: permutes_inverses)

lemma permutes_inj_on:
  inj_on p A
  by (rule inj_on_subset [of _ UNIV]) (auto intro: permutes_inj)

lemma permutes_bij:
  bij p
  unfolding bij_def by (metis permutes_inj permutes_surj)

lemma permutes_imp_bij:
  bij_betw p S S
  by (simp add: bij_betw_def permutes_image permutes_inj_on)

lemma permutes_subset:
  p permutes T if S  T
proof (rule bij_imp_permutes)
  define R where R = T - S
  with that have T = R  S R  S = {}
    by auto
  then have p x = x if x  R for x
    using that by (auto intro: permutes_not_in)
  then have p ` R = R
    by simp
  with T = R  S show bij_betw p T T
    by (simp add: bij_betw_def permutes_inj_on image_Un permutes_image)
  fix x
  assume x  T
  with T = R  S show p x = x
    by (simp add: permutes_not_in)
qed

lemma permutes_imp_permutes_insert:
  p permutes insert x S
  by (rule permutes_subset) auto

end

lemma permutes_id [simp]:
  id permutes S
  by (auto intro: bij_imp_permutes)

lemma permutes_empty [simp]:
  p permutes {}  p = id
proof
  assume p permutes {}
  then show p = id
    by (auto simp add: fun_eq_iff permutes_not_in)
next
  assume p = id
  then show p permutes {}
    by simp
qed

lemma permutes_sing [simp]:
  p permutes {a}  p = id
proof
  assume perm: p permutes {a}
  show p = id
  proof
    fix x
    from perm have p ` {a} = {a}
      by (rule permutes_image)
    with perm show p x = id x
      by (cases x = a) (auto simp add: permutes_not_in)
  qed
next
  assume p = id
  then show p permutes {a}
    by simp
qed

lemma permutes_univ: "p permutes UNIV  (y. ∃!x. p x = y)"
  by (simp add: permutes_def)

lemma permutes_swap_id: "a  S  b  S  transpose a b permutes S"
  by (rule bij_imp_permutes) (auto intro: transpose_apply_other)

lemma permutes_superset:
  p permutes T if p permutes S x. x  S - T  p x = x
proof -
  define R U where R = T  S and U = S - T
  then have T = R  (T - S) S = R  U R  U = {}
    by auto
  from that U = S - T have p ` U = U
    by simp
  from p permutes S have bij_betw p (R  U) (R  U)
    by (simp add: permutes_imp_bij S = R  U)
  moreover have bij_betw p U U
    using that U = S - T by (simp add: bij_betw_def permutes_inj_on)
  ultimately have bij_betw p R R
    using R  U = {} R  U = {} by (rule bij_betw_partition)
  then have p permutes R
  proof (rule bij_imp_permutes)
    fix x
    assume x  R
    with R = T  S p permutes S show p x = x
      by (cases x  S) (auto simp add: permutes_not_in that(2))
  qed
  then have p permutes R  (T - S)
    by (rule permutes_subset) simp
  with T = R  (T - S) show ?thesis
    by simp
qed

lemma permutes_bij_inv_into: contributor ‹Lukas Bulwahn›
  fixes A :: "'a set"
    and B :: "'b set"
  assumes "p permutes A"
    and "bij_betw f A B"
  shows "(λx. if x  B then f (p (inv_into A f x)) else x) permutes B"
proof (rule bij_imp_permutes)
  from assms have "bij_betw p A A" "bij_betw f A B" "bij_betw (inv_into A f) B A"
    by (auto simp add: permutes_imp_bij bij_betw_inv_into)
  then have "bij_betw (f  p  inv_into A f) B B"
    by (simp add: bij_betw_trans)
  then show "bij_betw (λx. if x  B then f (p (inv_into A f x)) else x) B B"
    by (subst bij_betw_cong[where g="f  p  inv_into A f"]) auto
next
  fix x
  assume "x  B"
  then show "(if x  B then f (p (inv_into A f x)) else x) = x" by auto
qed

lemma permutes_image_mset: contributor ‹Lukas Bulwahn›
  assumes "p permutes A"
  shows "image_mset p (mset_set A) = mset_set A"
  using assms by (metis image_mset_mset_set bij_betw_imp_inj_on permutes_imp_bij permutes_image)

lemma permutes_implies_image_mset_eq: contributor ‹Lukas Bulwahn›
  assumes "p permutes A" "x. x  A  f x = f' (p x)"
  shows "image_mset f' (mset_set A) = image_mset f (mset_set A)"
proof -
  have "f x = f' (p x)" if "x ∈# mset_set A" for x
    using assms(2)[of x] that by (cases "finite A") auto
  with assms have "image_mset f (mset_set A) = image_mset (f'  p) (mset_set A)"
    by (auto intro!: image_mset_cong)
  also have " = image_mset f' (image_mset p (mset_set A))"
    by (simp add: image_mset.compositionality)
  also have " = image_mset f' (mset_set A)"
  proof -
    from assms permutes_image_mset have "image_mset p (mset_set A) = mset_set A"
      by blast
    then show ?thesis by simp
  qed
  finally show ?thesis ..
qed


subsection ‹Group properties›

lemma permutes_compose: "p permutes S  q permutes S  q  p permutes S"
  unfolding permutes_def o_def by metis

lemma permutes_inv:
  assumes "p permutes S"
  shows "inv p permutes S"
  using assms unfolding permutes_def permutes_inv_eq[OF assms] by metis

lemma permutes_inv_inv:
  assumes "p permutes S"
  shows "inv (inv p) = p"
  unfolding fun_eq_iff permutes_inv_eq[OF assms] permutes_inv_eq[OF permutes_inv[OF assms]]
  by blast

lemma permutes_invI:
  assumes perm: "p permutes S"
    and inv: "x. x  S  p' (p x) = x"
    and outside: "x. x  S  p' x = x"
  shows "inv p = p'"
proof
  show "inv p x = p' x" for x
  proof (cases "x  S")
    case True
    from assms have "p' x = p' (p (inv p x))"
      by (simp add: permutes_inverses)
    also from permutes_inv[OF perm] True have " = inv p x"
      by (subst inv) (simp_all add: permutes_in_image)
    finally show ?thesis ..
  next
    case False
    with permutes_inv[OF perm] show ?thesis
      by (simp_all add: outside permutes_not_in)
  qed
qed

lemma permutes_vimage: "f permutes A  f -` A = A"
  by (simp add: bij_vimage_eq_inv_image permutes_bij permutes_image[OF permutes_inv])


subsection ‹Mapping permutations with bijections›

lemma bij_betw_permutations:
  assumes "bij_betw f A B"
  shows   "bij_betw (λπ x. if x  B then f (π (inv_into A f x)) else x) 
             {π. π permutes A} {π. π permutes B}" (is "bij_betw ?f _ _")
proof -
  let ?g = "(λπ x. if x  A then inv_into A f (π (f x)) else x)"
  show ?thesis
  proof (rule bij_betw_byWitness [of _ ?g], goal_cases)
    case 3
    show ?case using permutes_bij_inv_into[OF _ assms] by auto
  next
    case 4
    have bij_inv: "bij_betw (inv_into A f) B A" by (intro bij_betw_inv_into assms)
    {
      fix π assume "π permutes B"
      from permutes_bij_inv_into[OF this bij_inv] and assms
        have "(λx. if x  A then inv_into A f (π (f x)) else x) permutes A"
        by (simp add: inv_into_inv_into_eq cong: if_cong)
    }
    from this show ?case by (auto simp: permutes_inv)
  next
    case 1
    thus ?case using assms
      by (auto simp: fun_eq_iff permutes_not_in permutes_in_image bij_betw_inv_into_left
               dest: bij_betwE)
  next
    case 2
    moreover have "bij_betw (inv_into A f) B A"
      by (intro bij_betw_inv_into assms)
    ultimately show ?case using assms
      by (auto simp: fun_eq_iff permutes_not_in permutes_in_image bij_betw_inv_into_right 
               dest: bij_betwE)
  qed
qed

lemma bij_betw_derangements:
  assumes "bij_betw f A B"
  shows   "bij_betw (λπ x. if x  B then f (π (inv_into A f x)) else x) 
             {π. π permutes A  (xA. π x  x)} {π. π permutes B  (xB. π x  x)}" 
           (is "bij_betw ?f _ _")
proof -
  let ?g = "(λπ x. if x  A then inv_into A f (π (f x)) else x)"
  show ?thesis
  proof (rule bij_betw_byWitness [of _ ?g], goal_cases)
    case 3
    have "?f π x  x" if "π permutes A" "x. x  A  π x  x" "x  B" for π x
      using that and assms by (metis bij_betwE bij_betw_imp_inj_on bij_betw_imp_surj_on
                                     inv_into_f_f inv_into_into permutes_imp_bij)
    with permutes_bij_inv_into[OF _ assms] show ?case by auto
  next
    case 4
    have bij_inv: "bij_betw (inv_into A f) B A" by (intro bij_betw_inv_into assms)
    have "?g π permutes A" if "π permutes B" for π
      using permutes_bij_inv_into[OF that bij_inv] and assms
      by (simp add: inv_into_inv_into_eq cong: if_cong)
    moreover have "?g π x  x" if "π permutes B" "x. x  B  π x  x" "x  A" for π x
      using that and assms by (metis bij_betwE bij_betw_imp_surj_on f_inv_into_f permutes_imp_bij)
    ultimately show ?case by auto
  next
    case 1
    thus ?case using assms
      by (force simp: fun_eq_iff permutes_not_in permutes_in_image bij_betw_inv_into_left
                dest: bij_betwE)
  next
    case 2
    moreover have "bij_betw (inv_into A f) B A"
      by (intro bij_betw_inv_into assms)
    ultimately show ?case using assms
      by (force simp: fun_eq_iff permutes_not_in permutes_in_image bij_betw_inv_into_right 
                dest: bij_betwE)
  qed
qed


subsection ‹The number of permutations on a finite set›

lemma permutes_insert_lemma:
  assumes "p permutes (insert a S)"
  shows "transpose a (p a)  p permutes S"
proof (rule permutes_superset[where S = "insert a S"])
  show "Transposition.transpose a (p a)  p permutes insert a S"
    by (meson assms insertI1 permutes_compose permutes_in_image permutes_swap_id)
qed auto

lemma permutes_insert: "{p. p permutes (insert a S)} =
  (λ(b, p). transpose a b  p) ` {(b, p). b  insert a S  p  {p. p permutes S}}"
proof -
  have "p permutes insert a S 
    (b q. p = transpose a b  q  b  insert a S  q permutes S)" for p
  proof -
    have "b q. p = transpose a b  q  b  insert a S  q permutes S"
      if p: "p permutes insert a S"
    proof -
      let ?b = "p a"
      let ?q = "transpose a (p a)  p"
      have *: "p = transpose a ?b  ?q"
        by (simp add: fun_eq_iff o_assoc)
      have **: "?b  insert a S"
        unfolding permutes_in_image[OF p] by simp
      from permutes_insert_lemma[OF p] * ** show ?thesis
        by blast
    qed
    moreover have "p permutes insert a S"
      if bq: "p = transpose a b  q" "b  insert a S" "q permutes S" for b q
    proof -
      from permutes_subset[OF bq(3), of "insert a S"] have q: "q permutes insert a S"
        by auto
      have a: "a  insert a S"
        by simp
      from bq(1) permutes_compose[OF q permutes_swap_id[OF a bq(2)]] show ?thesis
        by simp
    qed
    ultimately show ?thesis by blast
  qed
  then show ?thesis by auto
qed

lemma card_permutations:
  assumes "card S = n"
    and "finite S"
  shows "card {p. p permutes S} = fact n"
  using assms(2,1)
proof (induct arbitrary: n)
  case empty
  then show ?case by simp
next
  case (insert x F)
  {
    fix n
    assume card_insert: "card (insert x F) = n"
    let ?xF = "{p. p permutes insert x F}"
    let ?pF = "{p. p permutes F}"
    let ?pF' = "{(b, p). b  insert x F  p  ?pF}"
    let ?g = "(λ(b, p). transpose x b  p)"
    have xfgpF': "?xF = ?g ` ?pF'"
      by (rule permutes_insert[of x F])
    from x  F finite F card_insert have Fs: "card F = n - 1"
      by auto
    from finite F insert.hyps Fs have pFs: "card ?pF = fact (n - 1)"
      by auto
    then have "finite ?pF"
      by (auto intro: card_ge_0_finite)
    with finite F card.insert_remove have pF'f: "finite ?pF'"
      by simp
    have ginj: "inj_on ?g ?pF'"
    proof -
      {
        fix b p c q
        assume bp: "(b, p)  ?pF'"
        assume cq: "(c, q)  ?pF'"
        assume eq: "?g (b, p) = ?g (c, q)"
        from bp cq have pF: "p permutes F" and qF: "q permutes F"
          by auto
        from pF x  F eq have "b = ?g (b, p) x"
          by (auto simp: permutes_def fun_upd_def fun_eq_iff)
        also from qF x  F eq have " = ?g (c, q) x"
          by (auto simp: fun_upd_def fun_eq_iff)
        also from qF x  F have " = c"
          by (auto simp: permutes_def fun_upd_def fun_eq_iff)
        finally have "b = c" .
        then have "transpose x b = transpose x c"
          by simp
        with eq have "transpose x b  p = transpose x b  q"
          by simp
        then have "transpose x b  (transpose x b  p) = transpose x b  (transpose x b  q)"
          by simp
        then have "p = q"
          by (simp add: o_assoc)
        with b = c have "(b, p) = (c, q)"
          by simp
      }
      then show ?thesis
        unfolding inj_on_def by blast
    qed
    from x  F finite F card_insert have "n  0"
      by auto
    then have "m. n = Suc m"
      by presburger
    then obtain m where n: "n = Suc m"
      by blast
    from pFs card_insert have *: "card ?xF = fact n"
      unfolding xfgpF' card_image[OF ginj]
      using finite F finite ?pF
      by (simp only: Collect_case_prod Collect_mem_eq card_cartesian_product) (simp add: n)
    from finite_imageI[OF pF'f, of ?g] have xFf: "finite ?xF"
      by (simp add: xfgpF' n)
    from * have "card ?xF = fact n"
      unfolding xFf by blast
  }
  with insert show ?case by simp
qed

lemma finite_permutations:
  assumes "finite S"
  shows "finite {p. p permutes S}"
  using card_permutations[OF refl assms] by (auto intro: card_ge_0_finite)


subsection ‹Hence a sort of induction principle composing by swaps›

lemma permutes_induct [consumes 2, case_names id swap]:
  P p if p permutes S finite S
  and id: P id
  and swap: a b p. a  S  b  S  p permutes S  P p  P (transpose a b  p)
using finite S p permutes S swap proof (induction S arbitrary: p)
  case empty
  with id show ?case
    by (simp only: permutes_empty)
next
  case (insert x S p)
  define q where q = transpose x (p x)  p
  then have swap_q: transpose x (p x)  q = p
    by (simp add: o_assoc)
  from p permutes insert x S have q permutes S
    by (simp add: q_def permutes_insert_lemma)
  then have q permutes insert x S
    by (simp add: permutes_imp_permutes_insert)
  from q permutes S have P q
    by (auto intro: insert.IH insert.prems(2) permutes_imp_permutes_insert)
  have x  insert x S
    by simp
  moreover from p permutes insert x S have p x  insert x S
    using permutes_in_image [of p insert x S x] by simp
  ultimately have P (transpose x (p x)  q)
    using q permutes insert x S P q
    by (rule insert.prems(2))
  then show ?case
    by (simp add: swap_q)
qed

lemma permutes_rev_induct [consumes 2, case_names id swap]:
  P p if p permutes S finite S
  and id': P id
  and swap': a b p. a  S  b  S  p permutes S  P p  P (p  transpose a b)
using p permutes S finite S proof (induction rule: permutes_induct)
  case id
  from id' show ?case .
next
  case (swap a b p)
  then have bij p
    using permutes_bij by blast
  have P (p  transpose (inv p a) (inv p b))
    by (rule swap') (auto simp add: swap permutes_in_image permutes_inv)
  also have p  transpose (inv p a) (inv p b) = transpose a b  p
    using bij p by (rule transpose_comp_eq [symmetric])
  finally show ?case .
qed


subsection ‹Permutations of index set for iterated operations›

lemma (in comm_monoid_set) permute:
  assumes "p permutes S"
  shows "F g S = F (g  p) S"
proof -
  from p permutes S have "inj p"
    by (rule permutes_inj)
  then have "inj_on p S"
    by (auto intro: subset_inj_on)
  then have "F g (p ` S) = F (g  p) S"
    by (rule reindex)
  moreover from p permutes S have "p ` S = S"
    by (rule permutes_image)
  ultimately show ?thesis
    by simp
qed


subsection ‹Permutations as transposition sequences›

inductive swapidseq :: "nat  ('a  'a)  bool"
  where
    id[simp]: "swapidseq 0 id"
  | comp_Suc: "swapidseq n p  a  b  swapidseq (Suc n) (transpose a b  p)"

declare id[unfolded id_def, simp]

definition "permutation p  (n. swapidseq n p)"


subsection ‹Some closure properties of the set of permutations, with lengths›

lemma permutation_id[simp]: "permutation id"
  unfolding permutation_def by (rule exI[where x=0]) simp

declare permutation_id[unfolded id_def, simp]

lemma swapidseq_swap: "swapidseq (if a = b then 0 else 1) (transpose a b)"
  using swapidseq.simps by fastforce

lemma permutation_swap_id: "permutation (transpose a b)"
  by (meson permutation_def swapidseq_swap)


lemma swapidseq_comp_add: "swapidseq n p  swapidseq m q  swapidseq (n + m) (p  q)"
proof (induct n p arbitrary: m q rule: swapidseq.induct)
  case (id m q)
  then show ?case by simp
next
  case (comp_Suc n p a b m q)
  then show ?case
    by (metis add_Suc comp_assoc swapidseq.comp_Suc)
qed

lemma permutation_compose: "permutation p  permutation q  permutation (p  q)"
  unfolding permutation_def using swapidseq_comp_add[of _ p _ q] by metis

lemma swapidseq_endswap: "swapidseq n p  a  b  swapidseq (Suc n) (p  transpose a b)"
  by (induct n p rule: swapidseq.induct)
    (use swapidseq_swap[of a b] in auto simp add: comp_assoc intro: swapidseq.comp_Suc)

lemma swapidseq_inverse_exists: "swapidseq n p  q. swapidseq n q  p  q = id  q  p = id"
proof (induct n p rule: swapidseq.induct)
  case id
  then show ?case
    by (rule exI[where x=id]) simp
next
  case (comp_Suc n p a b)
  from comp_Suc.hyps obtain q where q: "swapidseq n q" "p  q = id" "q  p = id"
    by blast
  let ?q = "q  transpose a b"
  note H = comp_Suc.hyps
  from swapidseq_swap[of a b] H(3) have *: "swapidseq 1 (transpose a b)"
    by simp
  from swapidseq_comp_add[OF q(1) *] have **: "swapidseq (Suc n) ?q"
    by simp
  have "transpose a b  p  ?q = transpose a b  (p  q)  transpose a b"
    by (simp add: o_assoc)
  also have " = id"
    by (simp add: q(2))
  finally have ***: "transpose a b  p  ?q = id" .
  have "?q  (transpose a b  p) = q  (transpose a b  transpose a b)  p"
    by (simp only: o_assoc)
  then have "?q  (transpose a b  p) = id"
    by (simp add: q(3))
  with ** *** show ?case
    by blast
qed

lemma swapidseq_inverse:
  assumes "swapidseq n p"
  shows "swapidseq n (inv p)"
  using swapidseq_inverse_exists[OF assms] inv_unique_comp[of p] by auto

lemma permutation_inverse: "permutation p  permutation (inv p)"
  using permutation_def swapidseq_inverse by blast



subsection ‹Various combinations of transpositions with 2, 1 and 0 common elements›

lemma swap_id_common:" a  c  b  c 
  transpose a b  transpose a c = transpose b c  transpose a b"
  by (simp add: fun_eq_iff transpose_def)

lemma swap_id_common': "a  b  a  c 
  transpose a c  transpose b c = transpose b c  transpose a b"
  by (simp add: fun_eq_iff transpose_def)

lemma swap_id_independent: "a  c  a  d  b  c  b  d 
  transpose a b  transpose c d = transpose c d  transpose a b"
  by (simp add: fun_eq_iff transpose_def)


subsection ‹The identity map only has even transposition sequences›

lemma symmetry_lemma:
  assumes "a b c d. P a b c d  P a b d c"
    and "a b c d. a  b  c  d 
      a = c  b = d  a = c  b  d  a  c  b = d  a  c  a  d  b  c  b  d 
      P a b c d"
  shows "a b c d. a  b  c  d   P a b c d"
  using assms by metis

lemma swap_general:
  assumes "a  b" "c  d"
  shows "transpose a b  transpose c d = id 
  (x y z. x  a  y  a  z  a  x  y 
    transpose a b  transpose c d = transpose x y  transpose a z)"
  by (metis assms swap_id_common' swap_id_independent transpose_commute transpose_comp_involutory)

lemma swapidseq_id_iff[simp]: "swapidseq 0 p  p = id"
  using swapidseq.cases[of 0 p "p = id"] by auto

lemma swapidseq_cases: "swapidseq n p 
    n = 0  p = id  (a b q m. n = Suc m  p = transpose a b  q  swapidseq m q  a  b)"
  by (meson comp_Suc id swapidseq.cases)

lemma fixing_swapidseq_decrease:
  assumes "swapidseq n p"
    and "a  b"
    and "(transpose a b  p) a = a"
  shows "n  0  swapidseq (n - 1) (transpose a b  p)"
  using assms
proof (induct n arbitrary: p a b)
  case 0
  then show ?case
    by (auto simp add: fun_upd_def)
next
  case (Suc n p a b)
  from Suc.prems(1) swapidseq_cases[of "Suc n" p]
  obtain c d q m where
    cdqm: "Suc n = Suc m" "p = transpose c d  q" "swapidseq m q" "c  d" "n = m"
    by auto
  consider "transpose a b  transpose c d = id"
    | x y z where "x  a" "y  a" "z  a" "x  y"
      "transpose a b  transpose c d = transpose x y  transpose a z"
    using swap_general[OF Suc.prems(2) cdqm(4)] by metis
  then show ?case
  proof cases
    case 1
    then show ?thesis
      by (simp only: cdqm o_assoc) (simp add: cdqm)
  next
    case 2
    then have az: "a  z"
      by simp
    from 2 have *: "(transpose x y  h) a = a  h a = a" for h
      by (simp add: transpose_def)
    from cdqm(2) have "transpose a b  p = transpose a b  (transpose c d  q)"
      by simp
    then have §: "transpose a b  p = transpose x y  (transpose a z  q)"
      by (simp add: o_assoc 2)
    obtain **: "swapidseq (n - 1) (transpose a z  q)" and "n0"
      by (metis "*" "§" Suc.hyps Suc.prems(3) az cdqm(3,5))
    then have "Suc n - 1 = Suc (n - 1)"
      by auto
    with 2 show ?thesis
      using "**" § swapidseq.simps by blast
  qed
qed

lemma swapidseq_identity_even:
  assumes "swapidseq n (id :: 'a  'a)"
  shows "even n"
  using swapidseq n id
proof (induct n rule: nat_less_induct)
  case H: (1 n)
  consider "n = 0"
    | a b :: 'a and q m where "n = Suc m" "id = transpose a b  q" "swapidseq m q" "a  b"
    using H(2)[unfolded swapidseq_cases[of n id]] by auto
  then show ?case
  proof cases
    case 1
    then show ?thesis by presburger
  next
    case h: 2
    from fixing_swapidseq_decrease[OF h(3,4), unfolded h(2)[symmetric]]
    have m: "m  0" "swapidseq (m - 1) (id :: 'a  'a)"
      by auto
    from h m have mn: "m - 1 < n"
      by arith
    from H(1)[rule_format, OF mn m(2)] h(1) m(1) show ?thesis
      by presburger
  qed
qed


subsection ‹Therefore we have a welldefined notion of parity›

definition "evenperm p = even (SOME n. swapidseq n p)"

lemma swapidseq_even_even:
  assumes m: "swapidseq m p"
    and n: "swapidseq n p"
  shows "even m  even n"
proof -
  from swapidseq_inverse_exists[OF n] obtain q where q: "swapidseq n q" "p  q = id" "q  p = id"
    by blast
  from swapidseq_identity_even[OF swapidseq_comp_add[OF m q(1), unfolded q]] show ?thesis
    by arith
qed

lemma evenperm_unique:
  assumes "swapidseq n p" and"even n = b"
  shows "evenperm p = b"
  by (metis evenperm_def assms someI swapidseq_even_even)


subsection ‹And it has the expected composition properties›

lemma evenperm_id[simp]: "evenperm id = True"
  by (rule evenperm_unique[where n = 0]) simp_all

lemma evenperm_identity [simp]:
  evenperm (λx. x)
  using evenperm_id by (simp add: id_def [abs_def])

lemma evenperm_swap: "evenperm (transpose a b) = (a = b)"
  by (rule evenperm_unique[where n="if a = b then 0 else 1"]) (simp_all add: swapidseq_swap)

lemma evenperm_comp:
  assumes "permutation p" "permutation q"
  shows "evenperm (p  q)  evenperm p = evenperm q"
proof -
  from assms obtain n m where n: "swapidseq n p" and m: "swapidseq m q"
    unfolding permutation_def by blast
  have "even (n + m)  (even n  even m)"
    by arith
  from evenperm_unique[OF n refl] evenperm_unique[OF m refl]
    and evenperm_unique[OF swapidseq_comp_add[OF n m] this] show ?thesis
    by blast
qed

lemma evenperm_inv:
  assumes "permutation p"
  shows "evenperm (inv p) = evenperm p"
proof -
  from assms obtain n where n: "swapidseq n p"
    unfolding permutation_def by blast
  show ?thesis
    by (rule evenperm_unique[OF swapidseq_inverse[OF n] evenperm_unique[OF n refl, symmetric]])
qed


subsection ‹A more abstract characterization of permutations›

lemma permutation_bijective:
  assumes "permutation p"
  shows "bij p"
  by (meson assms o_bij permutation_def swapidseq_inverse_exists)

lemma permutation_finite_support:
  assumes "permutation p"
  shows "finite {x. p x  x}"
proof -
  from assms obtain n where "swapidseq n p"
    unfolding permutation_def by blast
  then show ?thesis
  proof (induct n p rule: swapidseq.induct)
    case id
    then show ?case by simp
  next
    case (comp_Suc n p a b)
    let ?S = "insert a (insert b {x. p x  x})"
    from comp_Suc.hyps(2) have *: "finite ?S"
      by simp
    from a  b have **: "{x. (transpose a b  p) x  x}  ?S"
      by auto
    show ?case
      by (rule finite_subset[OF ** *])
  qed
qed

lemma permutation_lemma:
  assumes "finite S"
    and "bij p"
    and "x. x  S  p x = x"
  shows "permutation p"
  using assms
proof (induct S arbitrary: p rule: finite_induct)
  case empty
  then show ?case
    by simp
next
  case (insert a F p)
  let ?r = "transpose a (p a)  p"
  let ?q = "transpose a (p a)  ?r"
  have *: "?r a = a"
    by simp
  from insert * have **: "x. x  F  ?r x = x"
    by (metis bij_pointE comp_apply id_apply insert_iff swap_apply(3))
  have "bij ?r"
    using insert by (simp add: bij_comp)
  have "permutation ?r"
    by (rule insert(3)[OF bij ?r **])
  then have "permutation ?q"
    by (simp add: permutation_compose permutation_swap_id)
  then show ?case
    by (simp add: o_assoc)
qed

lemma permutation: "permutation p  bij p  finite {x. p x  x}"
  using permutation_bijective permutation_finite_support permutation_lemma by auto

lemma permutation_inverse_works:
  assumes "permutation p"
  shows "inv p  p = id"
    and "p  inv p = id"
  using permutation_bijective [OF assms] by (auto simp: bij_def inj_iff surj_iff)

lemma permutation_inverse_compose:
  assumes p: "permutation p"
    and q: "permutation q"
  shows "inv (p  q) = inv q  inv p"
  by (simp add: o_inv_distrib p permutation_bijective q)


subsection ‹Relation to permutes›

lemma permutes_imp_permutation:
  permutation p if finite S p permutes S
proof -
  from p permutes S have {x. p x  x}  S
    by (auto dest: permutes_not_in)
  then have finite {x. p x  x}
    using finite S by (rule finite_subset)
  moreover from p permutes S have bij p
    by (auto dest: permutes_bij)
  ultimately show ?thesis
    by (simp add: permutation)
qed

lemma permutation_permutesE:
  assumes permutation p
  obtains S where finite S p permutes S
proof -
  from assms have fin: finite {x. p x  x}
    by (simp add: permutation)
  from assms have bij p
    by (simp add: permutation)
  also have UNIV = {x. p x  x}  {x. p x = x}
    by auto
  finally have bij_betw p {x. p x  x} {x. p x  x}
    by (rule bij_betw_partition) (auto simp add: bij_betw_fixpoints)
  then have p permutes {x. p x  x}
    by (auto intro: bij_imp_permutes)
  with fin show thesis ..
qed

lemma permutation_permutes: "permutation p  (S. finite S  p permutes S)"
  by (auto elim: permutation_permutesE intro: permutes_imp_permutation)


subsection ‹Sign of a permutation as a real number›

definition sign :: ('a  'a)  int ― ‹TODO: prefer less generic name›
  where sign p = (if evenperm p then 1 else - 1)

lemma sign_cases [case_names even odd]:
  obtains sign p = 1 | sign p = - 1
  by (cases evenperm p) (simp_all add: sign_def)

lemma sign_nz [simp]: "sign p  0"
  by (cases p rule: sign_cases) simp_all

lemma sign_id [simp]: "sign id = 1"
  by (simp add: sign_def)

lemma sign_identity [simp]:
  sign (λx. x) = 1
  by (simp add: sign_def)

lemma sign_inverse: "permutation p  sign (inv p) = sign p"
  by (simp add: sign_def evenperm_inv)

lemma sign_compose: "permutation p  permutation q  sign (p  q) = sign p * sign q"
  by (simp add: sign_def evenperm_comp)

lemma sign_swap_id: "sign (transpose a b) = (if a = b then 1 else - 1)"
  by (simp add: sign_def evenperm_swap)

lemma sign_idempotent [simp]: "sign p * sign p = 1"
  by (simp add: sign_def)

lemma sign_left_idempotent [simp]:
  sign p * (sign p * sign q) = sign q
  by (simp add: sign_def)

term "(bij, bij_betw, permutation)"


subsection ‹Permuting a list›

text ‹This function permutes a list by applying a permutation to the indices.›

definition permute_list :: "(nat  nat)  'a list  'a list"
  where "permute_list f xs = map (λi. xs ! (f i)) [0..<length xs]"

lemma permute_list_map:
  assumes "f permutes {..<length xs}"
  shows "permute_list f (map g xs) = map g (permute_list f xs)"
  using permutes_in_image[OF assms] by (auto simp: permute_list_def)

lemma permute_list_nth:
  assumes "f permutes {..<length xs}" "i < length xs"
  shows "permute_list f xs ! i = xs ! f i"
  using permutes_in_image[OF assms(1)] assms(2)
  by (simp add: permute_list_def)

lemma permute_list_Nil [simp]: "permute_list f [] = []"
  by (simp add: permute_list_def)

lemma length_permute_list [simp]: "length (permute_list f xs) = length xs"
  by (simp add: permute_list_def)

lemma permute_list_compose:
  assumes "g permutes {..<length xs}"
  shows "permute_list (f  g) xs = permute_list g (permute_list f xs)"
  using assms[THEN permutes_in_image] by (auto simp add: permute_list_def)

lemma permute_list_ident [simp]: "permute_list (λx. x) xs = xs"
  by (simp add: permute_list_def map_nth)

lemma permute_list_id [simp]: "permute_list id xs = xs"
  by (simp add: id_def)

lemma mset_permute_list [simp]:
  fixes xs :: "'a list"
  assumes "f permutes {..<length xs}"
  shows "mset (permute_list f xs) = mset xs"
proof (rule multiset_eqI)
  fix y :: 'a
  from assms have [simp]: "f x < length xs  x < length xs" for x
    using permutes_in_image[OF assms] by auto
  have "count (mset (permute_list f xs)) y = card ((λi. xs ! f i) -` {y}  {..<length xs})"
    by (simp add: permute_list_def count_image_mset atLeast0LessThan)
  also have "(λi. xs ! f i) -` {y}  {..<length xs} = f -` {i. i < length xs  y = xs ! i}"
    by auto
  also from assms have "card  = card {i. i < length xs  y = xs ! i}"
    by (intro card_vimage_inj) (auto simp: permutes_inj permutes_surj)
  also have " = count (mset xs) y"
    by (simp add: count_mset length_filter_conv_card)
  finally show "count (mset (permute_list f xs)) y = count (mset xs) y"
    by simp
qed

lemma set_permute_list [simp]:
  assumes "f permutes {..<length xs}"
  shows "set (permute_list f xs) = set xs"
  by (rule mset_eq_setD[OF mset_permute_list]) fact

lemma distinct_permute_list [simp]:
  assumes "f permutes {..<length xs}"
  shows "distinct (permute_list f xs) = distinct xs"
  by (simp add: distinct_count_atmost_1 assms)

lemma permute_list_zip:
  assumes "f permutes A" "A = {..<length xs}"
  assumes [simp]: "length xs = length ys"
  shows "permute_list f (zip xs ys) = zip (permute_list f xs) (permute_list f ys)"
proof -
  from permutes_in_image[OF assms(1)] assms(2) have *: "f i < length ys  i < length ys" for i
    by simp
  have "permute_list f (zip xs ys) = map (λi. zip xs ys ! f i) [0..<length ys]"
    by (simp_all add: permute_list_def zip_map_map)
  also have " = map (λ(x, y). (xs ! f x, ys ! f y)) (zip [0..<length ys] [0..<length ys])"
    by (intro nth_equalityI) (simp_all add: *)
  also have " = zip (permute_list f xs) (permute_list f ys)"
    by (simp_all add: permute_list_def zip_map_map)
  finally show ?thesis .
qed

lemma map_of_permute:
  assumes "σ permutes fst ` set xs"
  shows "map_of xs  σ = map_of (map (λ(x,y). (inv σ x, y)) xs)"
    (is "_ = map_of (map ?f _)")
proof
  from assms have "inj σ" "surj σ"
    by (simp_all add: permutes_inj permutes_surj)
  then show "(map_of xs  σ) x = map_of (map ?f xs) x" for x
    by (induct xs) (auto simp: inv_f_f surj_f_inv_f)
qed

lemma list_all2_permute_list_iff:
  list_all2 P (permute_list p xs) (permute_list p ys)  list_all2 P xs ys
  if p permutes {..<length xs}
  using that by (auto simp add: list_all2_iff simp flip: permute_list_zip)


subsection ‹More lemmas about permutations›

lemma permutes_in_funpow_image: contributor ‹Lars Noschinski›
  assumes "f permutes S" "x  S"
  shows "(f ^^ n) x  S"
  using assms by (induction n) (auto simp: permutes_in_image)

lemma permutation_self: contributor ‹Lars Noschinski›
  assumes permutation p
  obtains n where n > 0 (p ^^ n) x = x
proof (cases p x = x)
  case True
  with that [of 1] show thesis by simp
next
  case False
  from permutation p have inj p
    by (intro permutation_bijective bij_is_inj)
  moreover from p x  x have (p ^^ Suc n) x  (p ^^ n) x for n
  proof (induction n arbitrary: x)
    case 0 then show ?case by simp
  next
    case (Suc n)
    have "p (p x)  p x"
    proof (rule notI)
      assume "p (p x) = p x"
      then show False using p x  x inj p by (simp add: inj_eq)
    qed
    have "(p ^^ Suc (Suc n)) x = (p ^^ Suc n) (p x)"
      by (simp add: funpow_swap1)
    also have "  (p ^^ n) (p x)"
      by (rule Suc) fact
    also have "(p ^^ n) (p x) = (p ^^ Suc n) x"
      by (simp add: funpow_swap1)
    finally show ?case by simp
  qed
  then have "{y. n. y = (p ^^ n) x}  {x. p x  x}"
    by auto
  then have "finite {y. n. y = (p ^^ n) x}"
    using permutation_finite_support[OF assms] by (rule finite_subset)
  ultimately obtain n where n > 0 (p ^^ n) x = x
    by (rule funpow_inj_finite)
  with that [of n] show thesis by blast
qed

text ‹The following few lemmas were contributed by Lukas Bulwahn.›

lemma count_image_mset_eq_card_vimage:
  assumes "finite A"
  shows "count (image_mset f (mset_set A)) b = card {a  A. f a = b}"
  using assms
proof (induct A)
  case empty
  show ?case by simp
next
  case (insert x F)
  show ?case
  proof (cases "f x = b")
    case True
    with insert.hyps
    have "count (image_mset f (mset_set (insert x F))) b = Suc (card {a  F. f a = f x})"
      by auto
    also from insert.hyps(1,2) have " = card (insert x {a  F. f a = f x})"
      by simp
    also from f x = b have "card (insert x {a  F. f a = f x}) = card {a  insert x F. f a = b}"
      by (auto intro: arg_cong[where f="card"])
    finally show ?thesis
      using insert by auto
  next
    case False
    then have "{a  F. f a = b} = {a  insert x F. f a = b}"
      by auto
    with insert False show ?thesis
      by simp
  qed
qed

― ‹Prove image_mset_eq_implies_permutes› ...›
lemma image_mset_eq_implies_permutes:
  fixes f :: "'a  'b"
  assumes "finite A"
    and mset_eq: "image_mset f (mset_set A) = image_mset f' (mset_set A)"
  obtains p where "p permutes A" and "xA. f x = f' (p x)"
proof -
  from finite A have [simp]: "finite {a  A. f a = (b::'b)}" for f b by auto
  have "f ` A = f' ` A"
  proof -
    from finite A have "f ` A = f ` (set_mset (mset_set A))"
      by simp
    also have " = f' ` set_mset (mset_set A)"
      by (metis mset_eq multiset.set_map)
    also from finite A have " = f' ` A"
      by simp
    finally show ?thesis .
  qed
  have "b(f ` A). p. bij_betw p {a  A. f a = b} {a  A. f' a = b}"
  proof
    fix b
    from mset_eq have "count (image_mset f (mset_set A)) b = count (image_mset f' (mset_set A)) b"
      by simp
    with finite A have "card {a  A. f a = b} = card {a  A. f' a = b}"
      by (simp add: count_image_mset_eq_card_vimage)
    then show "p. bij_betw p {aA. f a = b} {a  A. f' a = b}"
      by (intro finite_same_card_bij) simp_all
  qed
  then have "p. bf ` A. bij_betw (p b) {a  A. f a = b} {a  A. f' a = b}"
    by (rule bchoice)
  then obtain p where p: "bf ` A. bij_betw (p b) {a  A. f a = b} {a  A. f' a = b}" ..
  define p' where "p' = (λa. if a  A then p (f a) a else a)"
  have "p' permutes A"
  proof (rule bij_imp_permutes)
    have "disjoint_family_on (λi. {a  A. f' a = i}) (f ` A)"
      by (auto simp: disjoint_family_on_def)
    moreover
    have "bij_betw (λa. p (f a) a) {a  A. f a = b} {a  A. f' a = b}" if "b  f ` A" for b
      using p that by (subst bij_betw_cong[where g="p b"]) auto
    ultimately
    have "bij_betw (λa. p (f a) a) (bf ` A. {a  A. f a = b}) (bf ` A. {a  A. f' a = b})"
      by (rule bij_betw_UNION_disjoint)
    moreover have "(bf ` A. {a  A. f a = b}) = A"
      by auto
    moreover from f ` A = f' ` A have "(bf ` A. {a  A. f' a = b}) = A"
      by auto
    ultimately show "bij_betw p' A A"
      unfolding p'_def by (subst bij_betw_cong[where g="(λa. p (f a) a)"]) auto
  next
    show "x. x  A  p' x = x"
      by (simp add: p'_def)
  qed
  moreover from p have "xA. f x = f' (p' x)"
    unfolding p'_def using bij_betwE by fastforce
  ultimately show ?thesis ..
qed

― ‹... and derive the existing property:›
lemma mset_eq_permutation:
  fixes xs ys :: "'a list"
  assumes mset_eq: "mset xs = mset ys"
  obtains p where "p permutes {..<length ys}" "permute_list p ys = xs"
proof -
  from mset_eq have length_eq: "length xs = length ys"
    by (rule mset_eq_length)
  have "mset_set {..<length ys} = mset [0..<length ys]"
    by (rule mset_set_upto_eq_mset_upto)
  with mset_eq length_eq have "image_mset (λi. xs ! i) (mset_set {..<length ys}) =
    image_mset (λi. ys ! i) (mset_set {..<length ys})"
    by (metis map_nth mset_map)
  from image_mset_eq_implies_permutes[OF _ this]
  obtain p where p: "p permutes {..<length ys}" and "i{..<length ys}. xs ! i = ys ! (p i)"
    by auto
  with length_eq have "permute_list p ys = xs"
    by (auto intro!: nth_equalityI simp: permute_list_nth)
  with p show thesis ..
qed

lemma permutes_natset_le:
  fixes S :: "'a::wellorder set"
  assumes "p permutes S"
    and "i  S. p i  i"
  shows "p = id"
proof -
  have "p n = n" for n
    using assms
  proof (induct n arbitrary: S rule: less_induct)
    case (less n)
    show ?case
    proof (cases "n  S")
      case False
      with less(2) show ?thesis
        unfolding permutes_def by metis
    next
      case True
      with less(3) have "p n < n  p n = n"
        by auto
      then show ?thesis
      proof
        assume "p n < n"
        with less have "p (p n) = p n"
          by metis
        with permutes_inj[OF less(2)] have "p n = n"
          unfolding inj_def by blast
        with p n < n have False
          by simp
        then show ?thesis ..
      qed
    qed
  qed
  then show ?thesis by (auto simp: fun_eq_iff)
qed

lemma permutes_natset_ge:
  fixes S :: "'a::wellorder set"
  assumes p: "p permutes S"
    and le: "i  S. p i  i"
  shows "p = id"
proof -
  have "i  inv p i" if "i  S" for i
  proof -
    from that permutes_in_image[OF permutes_inv[OF p]] have "inv p i  S"
      by simp
    with le have "p (inv p i)  inv p i"
      by blast
    with permutes_inverses[OF p] show ?thesis
      by simp
  qed
  then have "iS. inv p i  i"
    by blast
  from permutes_natset_le[OF permutes_inv[OF p] this] have "inv p = inv id"
    by simp
  then show ?thesis
    using p permutes_inv_inv by fastforce
qed

lemma image_inverse_permutations: "{inv p |p. p permutes S} = {p. p permutes S}"
  using permutes_inv permutes_inv_inv by force

lemma image_compose_permutations_left:
  assumes "q permutes S"
  shows "{q  p |p. p permutes S} = {p. p permutes S}"
proof -
  have "p. p permutes S  q  p permutes S"
    by (simp add: assms permutes_compose)
  moreover have "x. x permutes S  p. x = q  p  p permutes S"
    by (metis assms id_comp o_assoc permutes_compose permutes_inv permutes_inv_o(1))
  ultimately show ?thesis
    by auto
qed

lemma image_compose_permutations_right:
  assumes "q permutes S"
  shows "{p  q | p. p permutes S} = {p . p permutes S}"
  by (metis (no_types, opaque_lifting) assms comp_id fun.map_comp permutes_compose permutes_inv permutes_inv_o(2))

lemma permutes_in_seg: "p permutes {1 ..n}  i  {1..n}  1  p i  p i  n"
  by (simp add: permutes_def) metis

lemma sum_permutations_inverse: "sum f {p. p permutes S} = sum (λp. f(inv p)) {p. p permutes S}"
  (is "?lhs = ?rhs")
proof -
  let ?S = "{p . p permutes S}"
  have *: "inj_on inv ?S"
  proof (auto simp add: inj_on_def)
    fix q r
    assume q: "q permutes S"
      and r: "r permutes S"
      and qr: "inv q = inv r"
    then have "inv (inv q) = inv (inv r)"
      by simp
    with permutes_inv_inv[OF q] permutes_inv_inv[OF r] show "q = r"
      by metis
  qed
  have **: "inv ` ?S = ?S"
    using image_inverse_permutations by blast
  have ***: "?rhs = sum (f  inv) ?S"
    by (simp add: o_def)
  from sum.reindex[OF *, of f] show ?thesis
    by (simp only: ** ***)
qed

lemma setum_permutations_compose_left:
  assumes q: "q permutes S"
  shows "sum f {p. p permutes S} = sum (λp. f(q  p)) {p. p permutes S}"
  (is "?lhs = ?rhs")
proof -
  let ?S = "{p. p permutes S}"
  have *: "?rhs = sum (f  ((∘) q)) ?S"
    by (simp add: o_def)
  have **: "inj_on ((∘) q) ?S"
  proof (auto simp add: inj_on_def)
    fix p r
    assume "p permutes S"
      and r: "r permutes S"
      and rp: "q  p = q  r"
    then have "inv q  q  p = inv q  q  r"
      by (simp add: comp_assoc)
    with permutes_inj[OF q, unfolded inj_iff] show "p = r"
      by simp
  qed
  have "((∘) q) ` ?S = ?S"
    using image_compose_permutations_left[OF q] by auto
  with * sum.reindex[OF **, of f] show ?thesis
    by (simp only:)
qed

lemma sum_permutations_compose_right:
  assumes q: "q permutes S"
  shows "sum f {p. p permutes S} = sum (λp. f(p  q)) {p. p permutes S}"
  (is "?lhs = ?rhs")
proof -
  let ?S = "{p. p permutes S}"
  have *: "?rhs = sum (f  (λp. p  q)) ?S"
    by (simp add: o_def)
  have **: "inj_on (λp. p  q) ?S"
  proof (auto simp add: inj_on_def)
    fix p r
    assume "p permutes S"
      and r: "r permutes S"
      and rp: "p  q = r  q"
    then have "p  (q  inv q) = r  (q  inv q)"
      by (simp add: o_assoc)
    with permutes_surj[OF q, unfolded surj_iff] show "p = r"
      by simp
  qed
  from image_compose_permutations_right[OF q] have "(λp. p  q) ` ?S = ?S"
    by auto
  with * sum.reindex[OF **, of f] show ?thesis
    by (simp only:)
qed

lemma inv_inj_on_permutes:
  inj_on inv {p. p permutes S}
proof (intro inj_onI, unfold mem_Collect_eq)
  fix p q
  assume p: "p permutes S" and q: "q permutes S" and eq: "inv p = inv q"
  have "inv (inv p) = inv (inv q)" using eq by simp
  thus "p = q"
    using inv_inv_eq[OF permutes_bij] p q by metis
qed

lemma permutes_pair_eq:
  {(p s, s) |s. s  S} = {(s, inv p s) |s. s  S} (is ?L = ?R) if p permutes S
proof
  show "?L  ?R"
  proof
    fix x assume "x  ?L"
    then obtain s where x: "x = (p s, s)" and s: "s  S" by auto
    note x
    also have "(p s, s) = (p s, Hilbert_Choice.inv p (p s))"
      using permutes_inj [OF that] inv_f_f by auto
    also have "...  ?R" using s permutes_in_image[OF that] by auto
    finally show "x  ?R".
  qed
  show "?R  ?L"
  proof
    fix x assume "x  ?R"
    then obtain s
      where x: "x = (s, Hilbert_Choice.inv p s)" (is "_ = (s, ?ips)")
        and s: "s  S" by auto
    note x
    also have "(s, ?ips) = (p ?ips, ?ips)"
      using inv_f_f[OF permutes_inj[OF permutes_inv[OF that]]]
      using inv_inv_eq[OF permutes_bij[OF that]] by auto
    also have "...  ?L"
      using s permutes_in_image[OF permutes_inv[OF that]] by auto
    finally show "x  ?L".
  qed
qed

context
  fixes p and n i :: nat
  assumes p: p permutes {0..<n} and i: i < n
begin

lemma permutes_nat_less:
  p i < n
proof -
  have ?thesis  p i  {0..<n}
    by simp
  also from p have p i  {0..<n}  i  {0..<n}
    by (rule permutes_in_image)
  finally show ?thesis
    using i by simp
qed

lemma permutes_nat_inv_less:
  inv p i < n
proof -
  from p have inv p permutes {0..<n}
    by (rule permutes_inv)
  then show ?thesis
    using i by (rule Permutations.permutes_nat_less)
qed

end

context comm_monoid_set
begin

lemma permutes_inv:
  F (λs. g (p s) s) S = F (λs. g s (inv p s)) S (is ?l = ?r)
  if p permutes S
proof -
  let ?g = "λ(x, y). g x y"
  let ?ps = "λs. (p s, s)"
  let ?ips = "λs. (s, inv p s)"
  have inj1: "inj_on ?ps S" by (rule inj_onI) auto
  have inj2: "inj_on ?ips S" by (rule inj_onI) auto
  have "?l = F ?g (?ps ` S)"
    using reindex [OF inj1, of ?g] by simp
  also have "?ps ` S = {(p s, s) |s. s  S}" by auto
  also have "... = {(s, inv p s) |s. s  S}"
    unfolding permutes_pair_eq [OF that] by simp
  also have "... = ?ips ` S" by auto
  also have "F ?g ... = ?r"
    using reindex [OF inj2, of ?g] by simp
  finally show ?thesis.
qed

end


subsection ‹Sum over a set of permutations (could generalize to iteration)›

lemma sum_over_permutations_insert:
  assumes fS: "finite S"
    and aS: "a  S"
  shows "sum f {p. p permutes (insert a S)} =
    sum (λb. sum (λq. f (transpose a b  q)) {p. p permutes S}) (insert a S)"
proof -
  have *: "f a b. (λ(b, p). f (transpose a b  p)) = f  (λ(b,p). transpose a b  p)"
    by (simp add: fun_eq_iff)
  have **: "P Q. {(a, b). a  P  b  Q} = P × Q"
    by blast
  show ?thesis
    unfolding * ** sum.cartesian_product permutes_insert
  proof (rule sum.reindex)
    let ?f = "(λ(b, y). transpose a b  y)"
    let ?P = "{p. p permutes S}"
    {
      fix b c p q
      assume b: "b  insert a S"
      assume c: "c  insert a S"
      assume p: "p permutes S"
      assume q: "q permutes S"
      assume eq: "transpose a b  p = transpose a c  q"
      from p q aS have pa: "p a = a" and qa: "q a = a"
        unfolding permutes_def by metis+
      from eq have "(transpose a b  p) a  = (transpose a c  q) a"
        by simp
      then have bc: "b = c"
        by (simp add: permutes_def pa qa o_def fun_upd_def id_def
            cong del: if_weak_cong split: if_split_asm)
      from eq[unfolded bc] have "(λp. transpose a c  p) (transpose a c  p) =
        (λp. transpose a c  p) (transpose a c  q)" by simp
      then have "p = q"
        unfolding o_assoc swap_id_idempotent by simp
      with bc have "b = c  p = q"
        by blast
    }
    then show "inj_on ?f (insert a S × ?P)"
      unfolding inj_on_def by clarify metis
  qed
qed


subsection ‹Constructing permutations from association lists›

definition list_permutes :: "('a × 'a) list  'a set  bool"
  where "list_permutes xs A 
    set (map fst xs)  A 
    set (map snd xs) = set (map fst xs) 
    distinct (map fst xs) 
    distinct (map snd xs)"

lemma list_permutesI [simp]:
  assumes "set (map fst xs)  A" "set (map snd xs) = set (map fst xs)" "distinct (map fst xs)"
  shows "list_permutes xs A"
proof -
  from assms(2,3) have "distinct (map snd xs)"
    by (intro card_distinct) (simp_all add: distinct_card del: set_map)
  with assms show ?thesis
    by (simp add: list_permutes_def)
qed

definition permutation_of_list :: "('a × 'a) list  'a  'a"
  where "permutation_of_list xs x = (case map_of xs x of None  x | Some y  y)"

lemma permutation_of_list_Cons:
  "permutation_of_list ((x, y) # xs) x' = (if x = x' then y else permutation_of_list xs x')"
  by (simp add: permutation_of_list_def)

fun inverse_permutation_of_list :: "('a × 'a) list  'a  'a"
  where
    "inverse_permutation_of_list [] x = x"
  | "inverse_permutation_of_list ((y, x') # xs) x =
      (if x = x' then y else inverse_permutation_of_list xs x)"

declare inverse_permutation_of_list.simps [simp del]

lemma inj_on_map_of:
  assumes "distinct (map snd xs)"
  shows "inj_on (map_of xs) (set (map fst xs))"
proof (rule inj_onI)
  fix x y
  assume xy: "x  set (map fst xs)" "y  set (map fst xs)"
  assume eq: "map_of xs x = map_of xs y"
  from xy obtain x' y' where x'y': "map_of xs x = Some x'" "map_of xs y = Some y'"
    by (cases "map_of xs x"; cases "map_of xs y") (simp_all add: map_of_eq_None_iff)
  moreover from x'y' have *: "(x, x')  set xs" "(y, y')  set xs"
    by (force dest: map_of_SomeD)+
  moreover from * eq x'y' have "x' = y'"
    by simp
  ultimately show "x = y"
    using assms by (force simp: distinct_map dest: inj_onD[of _ _ "(x,x')" "(y,y')"])
qed

lemma inj_on_the: "None  A  inj_on the A"
  by (auto simp: inj_on_def option.the_def split: option.splits)

lemma inj_on_map_of':
  assumes "distinct (map snd xs)"
  shows "inj_on (the  map_of xs) (set (map fst xs))"
  by (intro comp_inj_on inj_on_map_of assms inj_on_the)
    (force simp: eq_commute[of None] map_of_eq_None_iff)

lemma image_map_of:
  assumes "distinct (map fst xs)"
  shows "map_of xs ` set (map fst xs) = Some ` set (map snd xs)"
  using assms by (auto simp: rev_image_eqI)

lemma the_Some_image [simp]: "the ` Some ` A = A"
  by (subst image_image) simp

lemma image_map_of':
  assumes "distinct (map fst xs)"
  shows "(the  map_of xs) ` set (map fst xs) = set (map snd xs)"
  by (simp only: image_comp [symmetric] image_map_of assms the_Some_image)

lemma permutation_of_list_permutes [simp]:
  assumes "list_permutes xs A"
  shows "permutation_of_list xs permutes A"
    (is "?f permutes _")
proof (rule permutes_subset[OF bij_imp_permutes])
  from assms show "set (map fst xs)  A"
    by (simp add: list_permutes_def)
  from assms have "inj_on (the  map_of xs) (set (map fst xs))" (is ?P)
    by (intro inj_on_map_of') (simp_all add: list_permutes_def)
  also have "?P  inj_on ?f (set (map fst xs))"
    by (intro inj_on_cong)
      (auto simp: permutation_of_list_def map_of_eq_None_iff split: option.splits)
  finally have "bij_betw ?f (set (map fst xs)) (?f ` set (map fst xs))"
    by (rule inj_on_imp_bij_betw)
  also from assms have "?f ` set (map fst xs) = (the  map_of xs) ` set (map fst xs)"
    by (intro image_cong refl)
      (auto simp: permutation_of_list_def map_of_eq_None_iff split: option.splits)
  also from assms have " = set (map fst xs)"
    by (subst image_map_of') (simp_all add: list_permutes_def)
  finally show "bij_betw ?f (set (map fst xs)) (set (map fst xs))" .
qed (force simp: permutation_of_list_def dest!: map_of_SomeD split: option.splits)+

lemma eval_permutation_of_list [simp]:
  "permutation_of_list [] x = x"
  "x = x'  permutation_of_list ((x',y)#xs) x = y"
  "x  x'  permutation_of_list ((x',y')#xs) x = permutation_of_list xs x"
  by (simp_all add: permutation_of_list_def)

lemma eval_inverse_permutation_of_list [simp]:
  "inverse_permutation_of_list [] x = x"
  "x = x'  inverse_permutation_of_list ((y,x')#xs) x = y"
  "x  x'  inverse_permutation_of_list ((y',x')#xs) x = inverse_permutation_of_list xs x"
  by (simp_all add: inverse_permutation_of_list.simps)

lemma permutation_of_list_id: "x  set (map fst xs)  permutation_of_list xs x = x"
  by (induct xs) (auto simp: permutation_of_list_Cons)

lemma permutation_of_list_unique':
  "distinct (map fst xs)  (x, y)  set xs  permutation_of_list xs x = y"
  by (induct xs) (force simp: permutation_of_list_Cons)+

lemma permutation_of_list_unique:
  "list_permutes xs A  (x, y)  set xs  permutation_of_list xs x = y"
  by (intro permutation_of_list_unique') (simp_all add: list_permutes_def)

lemma inverse_permutation_of_list_id:
  "x  set (map snd xs)  inverse_permutation_of_list xs x = x"
  by (induct xs) auto

lemma inverse_permutation_of_list_unique':
  "distinct (map snd xs)  (x, y)  set xs  inverse_permutation_of_list xs y = x"
  by (induct xs) (force simp: inverse_permutation_of_list.simps(2))+

lemma inverse_permutation_of_list_unique:
  "list_permutes xs A  (x,y)  set xs  inverse_permutation_of_list xs y = x"
  by (intro inverse_permutation_of_list_unique') (simp_all add: list_permutes_def)

lemma inverse_permutation_of_list_correct:
  fixes A :: "'a set"
  assumes "list_permutes xs A"
  shows "inverse_permutation_of_list xs = inv (permutation_of_list xs)"
proof (rule ext, rule sym, subst permutes_inv_eq)
  from assms show "permutation_of_list xs permutes A"
    by simp
  show "permutation_of_list xs (inverse_permutation_of_list xs x) = x" for x
  proof (cases "x  set (map snd xs)")
    case True
    then obtain y where "(y, x)  set xs" by auto
    with assms show ?thesis
      by (simp add: inverse_permutation_of_list_unique permutation_of_list_unique)
  next
    case False
    with assms show ?thesis
      by (auto simp: list_permutes_def inverse_permutation_of_list_id permutation_of_list_id)
  qed
qed

end