Theory Dirichlet_Series.Moebius_Mu
section ‹The M\"{o}bius $\mu$ function›
theory Moebius_Mu
imports
Main
"HOL-Number_Theory.Number_Theory"
"HOL-Computational_Algebra.Squarefree"
Dirichlet_Series
Dirichlet_Misc
begin
definition moebius_mu :: "nat ⇒ 'a :: comm_ring_1" where
"moebius_mu n =
(if squarefree n then (-1) ^ card (prime_factors n) else 0)"
lemma abs_moebius_mu_le: "abs (moebius_mu n :: 'a :: {linordered_idom}) ≤ 1"
by (auto simp add: moebius_mu_def)
lemma of_int_moebius_mu [simp]: "of_int (moebius_mu n) = moebius_mu n"
by (simp add: moebius_mu_def)
lemma minus_1_power_ring_neq_zero [simp]: "(- 1 :: 'a :: ring_1) ^ n ≠ 0"
by (cases "even n") simp_all
lemma moebius_mu_0 [simp]: "moebius_mu 0 = 0"
by (simp add: moebius_mu_def)
lemma fds_nth_fds_moebius_mu [simp]: "fds_nth (fds moebius_mu) = moebius_mu"
by (simp add: fun_eq_iff fds_nth_fds)
lemma prime_factors_Suc_0 [simp]: "prime_factors (Suc 0) = {}"
by simp
lemma moebius_mu_Suc_0 [simp]: "moebius_mu (Suc 0) = 1"
by (simp add: moebius_mu_def)
lemma moebius_mu_1 [simp]: "moebius_mu 1 = 1"
by (simp add: moebius_mu_def)
lemma moebius_mu_eq_zero_iff: "moebius_mu n = 0 ⟷ ¬squarefree n"
by (simp add: moebius_mu_def)
lemma moebius_mu_not_squarefree [simp]: "¬squarefree n ⟹ moebius_mu n = 0"
by (simp add: moebius_mu_def)
lemma moebius_mu_power:
assumes "a > 1" "n > 1"
shows "moebius_mu (a ^ n) = 0"
proof -
from assms have "a ^ 2 dvd a ^ n" by (simp add: le_imp_power_dvd)
with moebius_mu_eq_zero_iff[of "a ^ n"] and ‹a > 1› show ?thesis by (auto simp: squarefree_def)
qed
lemma moebius_mu_power':
"moebius_mu (a ^ n) = (if a = 1 ∨ n = 0 then 1 else if n = 1 then moebius_mu a else 0)"
by (simp add: squarefree_power_iff)
lemma moebius_mu_squarefree_eq:
"squarefree n ⟹ moebius_mu n = (-1) ^ card (prime_factors n)"
by (simp add: moebius_mu_def split: if_splits)
lemma moebius_mu_squarefree_eq':
assumes "squarefree n"
shows "moebius_mu n = (-1) ^ size (prime_factorization n)"
proof -
let ?P = "prime_factorization n"
from assms have [simp]: "n > 0" by (auto intro!: Nat.gr0I)
have "size ?P = sum (count ?P) (set_mset ?P)" by (rule size_multiset_overloaded_eq)
also from assms have "… = sum (λ_. 1) (set_mset ?P)"
by (intro sum.cong refl, subst count_prime_factorization_prime)
(auto simp: moebius_mu_eq_zero_iff squarefree_factorial_semiring')
also have "… = card (set_mset ?P)" by simp
finally show ?thesis by (simp add: moebius_mu_squarefree_eq[OF assms])
qed
lemma sum_moebius_mu_divisors:
assumes "n > 1"
shows "(∑d | d dvd n. moebius_mu d) = (0 :: 'a :: comm_ring_1)"
proof -
have "(∑d | d dvd n. moebius_mu d :: int) =
(∑d ∈ Prod ` {P. P ⊆ prime_factors n}. moebius_mu d)"
proof (rule sum.mono_neutral_right; safe?)
fix A assume A: "A ⊆ prime_factors n"
from A have [simp]: "finite A" by (rule finite_subset) auto
from A have A': "x > 0" "prime x" if "x ∈ A" for x using that
by (auto simp: prime_factors_multiplicity prime_gt_0_nat)
from A' have A_nz: "∏A ≠ 0" by (intro notI) auto
from A' have "prime_factorization (∏A) = sum prime_factorization A"
by (subst prime_factorization_prod) (auto dest: finite_subset)
also from A' have "… = sum (λx. {#x#}) A"
by (intro sum.cong refl) (auto simp: prime_factorization_prime)
also have "… = mset_set A" by simp
also from A have "… ⊆# mset_set (prime_factors n)"
by (rule subset_imp_msubset_mset_set) simp_all
also have "… ⊆# prime_factorization n" by (rule mset_set_set_mset_msubset)
finally show "∏A dvd n" using A_nz
by (intro prime_factorization_subset_imp_dvd) auto
next
fix x assume x: "x ∉ Prod ` {P. P ⊆ prime_factors n}" "x dvd n"
from x assms have [simp]: "x > 0" by (auto intro!: Nat.gr0I)
{
assume nz: "moebius_mu x ≠ 0"
have "(∏(set_mset (prime_factorization x))) = (∏p∈prime_factors x. p ^ multiplicity p x)"
using nz by (intro prod.cong refl)
(auto simp: moebius_mu_eq_zero_iff squarefree_factorial_semiring')
also have "… = x" by (intro Primes.prime_factorization_nat [symmetric]) auto
finally have "x = ∏(prime_factors x)" "prime_factors x ⊆ prime_factors n"
using dvd_prime_factors[of n x] assms ‹x dvd n› by auto
hence "x ∈ Prod ` {P. P ⊆ prime_factors n}" by blast
with x(1) have False by contradiction
}
thus "moebius_mu x = 0" by blast
qed (insert assms, auto)
also have "… = (∑P | P ⊆ prime_factors n. moebius_mu (∏P))"
by (subst sum.reindex) (auto intro!: inj_on_Prod_primes dest: finite_subset)
also have "… = (∑P | P ⊆ prime_factors n. (-1) ^ card P)"
proof (intro sum.cong refl)
fix P assume P: "P ∈ {P. P ⊆ prime_factors n}"
hence [simp]: "finite P" by (auto dest: finite_subset)
from P have prime: "prime p" if "p ∈ P" for p using that by (auto simp: prime_factors_dvd)
hence "squarefree (∏P)"
by (intro squarefree_prod_coprime prime_imp_coprime squarefree_prime)
(auto simp: primes_dvd_imp_eq)
hence "moebius_mu (∏P) = (-1) ^ card (prime_factors (∏P))"
by (rule moebius_mu_squarefree_eq)
also from P have "prime_factors (∏P) = P"
by (subst prime_factors_prod) (auto simp: prime_factorization_prime prime)
finally show "moebius_mu (∏P) = (-1) ^ card P" .
qed
also have "{P. P ⊆ prime_factors n} =
{P. P ⊆ prime_factors n ∧ even (card P)} ∪ {P. P ⊆ prime_factors n ∧ odd (card P)}"
(is "_ = ?A ∪ ?B") by blast
also have "(∑P ∈ …. (-1) ^ card P) = (∑P ∈ ?A. (-1) ^ card P) + (∑P ∈ ?B. (-1) ^ card P)"
by (intro sum.union_disjoint) auto
also have "(∑P ∈ ?A. (-1) ^ card P :: int) = (∑P ∈ ?A. 1)" by (intro sum.cong refl) auto
also have "… = int (card ?A)" by simp
also have "(∑P ∈ ?B. (-1) ^ card P :: int) = (∑P ∈ ?B. -1)" by (intro sum.cong refl) auto
also have "… = -int (card ?B)" by simp
also have "card ?B = card ?A"
by (rule card_even_odd_subset [symmetric])
(insert assms, auto simp: prime_factorization_empty_iff)
also have "int (card ?A) + (- int (card ?A)) = 0" by simp
finally have "(∑d | d dvd n. of_int (moebius_mu d) :: 'a) = 0"
unfolding of_int_sum [symmetric] by (simp only: of_int_0)
thus ?thesis by simp
qed
lemma sum_moebius_mu_divisors':
"(∑d | d dvd n. moebius_mu d) = (if n = 1 then 1 else 0)"
proof -
have "n = 0 ∨ n = 1 ∨ n > 1" by force
thus ?thesis using sum_moebius_mu_divisors[of n] by auto
qed
lemma fds_zeta_times_moebius_mu: "fds_zeta * fds moebius_mu = 1"
proof
fix n :: nat assume n: "n > 0"
from n have "fds_nth (fds_zeta * fds moebius_mu :: 'a fds) n = (∑d | d dvd n. moebius_mu d)"
unfolding fds_nth_mult dirichlet_prod_altdef1
by (intro sum.cong refl) (auto simp: fds_nth_fds elim: dvdE)
also have "… = fds_nth 1 n" by (simp add: sum_moebius_mu_divisors')
finally show "fds_nth (fds_zeta * fds moebius_mu :: 'a fds) n = fds_nth 1 n" .
qed
lemma fds_moebius_inverse_zeta:
"fds moebius_mu = inverse (fds_zeta :: 'a :: field fds)"
using fds_right_inverse_unique fds_zeta_times_moebius_mu by blast
lemma moebius_mu_formula_real: "(moebius_mu n :: real) = dirichlet_inverse (λ_. 1) 1 n"
proof -
have "moebius_mu n = (fds_nth (fds moebius_mu) n :: real)" by simp
also have "fds moebius_mu = (inverse fds_zeta :: real fds)" by (fact fds_moebius_inverse_zeta)
also have "fds_nth … n = dirichlet_inverse (fds_nth fds_zeta) 1 n"
unfolding fds_nth_inverse by simp
also have "… = dirichlet_inverse (λ_. 1) 1 n" by (rule dirichlet_inverse_cong) simp_all
finally show ?thesis .
qed
lemma moebius_mu_formula_int: "moebius_mu n = dirichlet_inverse (λ_. 1 :: int) 1 n"
proof -
have "real_of_int (moebius_mu n) = moebius_mu n" by simp
also have "… = dirichlet_inverse (λ_. 1) 1 n" by (fact moebius_mu_formula_real)
also have "… = real_of_int (dirichlet_inverse (λ_. 1) 1 n)"
by (induction n rule: dirichlet_inverse_induct) (simp_all add: dirichlet_inverse_gt_1)
finally show ?thesis by (subst (asm) of_int_eq_iff)
qed
lemma moebius_mu_formula: "moebius_mu n = dirichlet_inverse (λ_. 1) 1 n"
by (subst of_int_moebius_mu [symmetric], subst moebius_mu_formula_int)
(simp add: of_int_dirichlet_inverse)
interpretation moebius_mu: multiplicative_function moebius_mu
proof -
have "multiplicative_function (dirichlet_inverse (λn. if n = 0 then 0 else 1 :: 'a) 1)"
by (rule multiplicative_dirichlet_inverse, standard) simp_all
also have "dirichlet_inverse (λn. if n = 0 then 0 else 1 :: 'a) 1 = moebius_mu"
by (auto simp: fun_eq_iff moebius_mu_formula)
finally show "multiplicative_function (moebius_mu :: nat ⇒ 'a)" .
qed
interpretation moebius_mu:
multiplicative_function' moebius_mu "λp k. if k = 1 then -1 else 0" "λ_. -1"
proof
fix p k :: nat assume "prime p" "k > 0"
moreover from this have "moebius_mu p = -1"
by (simp add: moebius_mu_def prime_factorization_prime squarefree_prime)
ultimately show "moebius_mu (p ^ k) = (if k = 1 then - 1 else 0)"
by (auto simp: moebius_mu_power')
qed auto
lemma moebius_mu_2 [simp]: "moebius_mu 2 = -1"
and moebius_mu_3 [simp]: "moebius_mu 3 = -1"
by (rule moebius_mu.prime; simp)+
lemma moebius_mu_code [code]:
"moebius_mu n = of_int (dirichlet_inverse (λ_. 1 :: int) 1 n)"
by (subst moebius_mu_formula_int [symmetric]) simp
lemma fds_moebius_inversion: "f = fds moebius_mu * g ⟷ g = f * fds_zeta"
by (metis fds_zeta_times_moebius_mu mult.commute mult.left_commute mult.right_neutral)
lemma moebius_inversion:
assumes "⋀n. n > 0 ⟹ g n = (∑d | d dvd n. f d)" "n > 0"
shows "f n = dirichlet_prod moebius_mu g n"
proof -
from assms have "fds g = fds f * fds_zeta"
by (intro fds_eqI) (simp add: fds_nth_mult dirichlet_prod_def)
thus ?thesis using assms
by (subst (asm) fds_moebius_inversion [symmetric]) (simp add: fds_eq_iff fds_nth_mult)
qed
lemma fds_mangoldt: "fds mangoldt = fds moebius_mu * fds (λn. of_real (ln (real n)))"
by (subst fds_moebius_inversion) (rule fds_mangoldt_times_zeta [symmetric])
lemma sum_divisors_moebius_mu_times_multiplicative:
fixes f :: "nat ⇒ 'a :: {comm_ring_1}"
assumes "multiplicative_function f" "n > 0"
shows "(∑d | d dvd n. moebius_mu d * f d) = (∏p∈prime_factors n. 1 - f p)"
proof -
define g where "g = (λn. ∑d | d dvd n. moebius_mu d * f d)"
define g' where "g' = dirichlet_prod (λn. moebius_mu n * f n) (λn. if n = 0 then 0 else 1)"
interpret f: multiplicative_function f by fact
have "multiplicative_function (λn. if n = 0 then 0 else 1 :: 'a)"
by standard auto
interpret multiplicative_function g' unfolding g'_def
by (intro multiplicative_dirichlet_prod multiplicative_function_mult
moebius_mu.multiplicative_function_axioms assms) fact+
have g'_primepow: "g' (p ^ k) = 1 - f p" if "prime p" "k > 0" for p k
proof -
have "g' (p ^ k) = (∑i≤k. moebius_mu (p ^ i) * f (p ^ i))"
using that by (simp add: g'_def dirichlet_prod_prime_power)
also have "… = (∑i∈{0, 1}. moebius_mu (p ^ i) * f (p ^ i))"
using that by (intro sum.mono_neutral_right) (auto simp: moebius_mu_power')
also have "… = 1 - f p"
using that by (simp add: moebius_mu.prime)
finally show ?thesis .
qed
have "g' n = g n"
by (simp add: g_def g'_def dirichlet_prod_def)
also from assms have "g' n = (∏p∈prime_factors n. g' (p ^ multiplicity p n))"
by (intro prod_prime_factors) auto
also have "… = (∏p∈prime_factors n. 1 - f p)"
by (intro prod.cong) (auto simp: g'_primepow prime_factors_multiplicity)
finally show ?thesis by (simp add: g_def)
qed
lemma completely_multiplicative_iff_inverse_moebius_mu:
fixes f :: "nat ⇒ 'a :: {comm_ring_1, ring_no_zero_divisors}"
assumes "multiplicative_function f"
defines "g ≡ dirichlet_inverse f 1"
shows "completely_multiplicative_function f ⟷
(∀n. g n = moebius_mu n * f n)"
proof -
interpret multiplicative_function f by fact
show ?thesis
proof safe
assume "completely_multiplicative_function f"
then interpret completely_multiplicative_function f .
have [simp]: "fds f ≠ 0" by (auto simp: fds_eq_iff)
have "fds (λn. moebius_mu n * f n) * fds f = 1"
proof
fix n :: nat
have "fds_nth (fds (λn. moebius_mu n * f n) * fds f) n =
(∑(r, d) | r * d = n. moebius_mu r * f (r * d))"
by (simp add: fds_eq_iff fds_nth_mult fds_nth_fds dirichlet_prod_altdef2 mult mult.assoc)
also have "… = (∑(r, d) | r * d = n. moebius_mu r * f n)"
by (intro sum.cong) auto
also have "… = dirichlet_prod moebius_mu (λ_. 1) n * f n"
by (simp add: dirichlet_prod_altdef2 sum_distrib_right case_prod_unfold mult)
also have "dirichlet_prod moebius_mu (λ_. 1) n = fds_nth (fds moebius_mu * fds_zeta) n"
by (simp add: fds_nth_mult)
also have "fds moebius_mu * fds_zeta = 1"
by (simp add: mult_ac fds_zeta_times_moebius_mu)
also have "fds_nth 1 n * f n = fds_nth 1 n"
by (auto simp: fds_eq_iff fds_nth_one)
finally show "fds_nth (fds (λn. moebius_mu n * f n) * fds f) n = fds_nth 1 n" .
qed
also have "1 = fds g * fds f"
by (auto simp: fds_eq_iff g_def fds_nth_mult dirichlet_prod_inverse')
finally have "fds g = fds (λn. moebius_mu n * f n)"
by (subst (asm) mult_cancel_right) auto
thus "g n = moebius_mu n * f n" for n
by (cases "n = 0") (auto simp: fds_eq_iff g_def)
next
assume g: "∀n. g n = moebius_mu n * f n"
show "completely_multiplicative_function f"
proof (rule completely_multiplicativeI)
fix p k :: nat assume pk: "prime p" "k > 0"
show "f (p ^ k) = f p ^ k"
proof (induction k)
case (Suc k)
have eq: "dirichlet_prod g f n = 0" if "n ≠ 1" for n
unfolding g_def using dirichlet_prod_inverse'[of f 1] that by auto
have "dirichlet_prod g f (p ^ Suc k) = 0"
using pk by (intro eq) auto
also have "dirichlet_prod g f (p ^ Suc k) = (∑i≤Suc k. g (p ^ i) * f (p ^ (Suc k - i)))"
by (intro dirichlet_prod_prime_power) fact+
also have "… = (∑i≤Suc k. moebius_mu (p ^ i) * f (p ^ i) * f (p ^ (Suc k - i)))"
by (intro sum.cong refl, subst g) auto
also have "… = (∑i∈{0, 1}. moebius_mu (p ^ i) * f (p ^ i) * f (p ^ (Suc k - i)))"
using pk by (intro sum.mono_neutral_right) (auto simp: moebius_mu_power')
also have "… = f (p ^ Suc k) - f p ^ Suc k"
using pk Suc.IH by (auto simp: moebius_mu.prime)
finally show "f (p ^ Suc k) = f p ^ Suc k" by simp
qed auto
qed
qed
qed
lemma completely_multiplicative_fds_inverse:
fixes f :: "nat ⇒ 'a :: field"
assumes "completely_multiplicative_function f"
shows "inverse (fds f) = fds (λn. moebius_mu n * f n)"
proof -
interpret completely_multiplicative_function f by fact
from assms show ?thesis
by (subst (asm) completely_multiplicative_iff_inverse_moebius_mu)
(auto simp: inverse_fds_def multiplicative_function_axioms)
qed
lemma completely_multiplicative_fds_inverse':
fixes f :: "'a :: field fds"
assumes "completely_multiplicative_function (fds_nth f)"
shows "inverse f = fds (λn. moebius_mu n * fds_nth f n)"
by (metis assms completely_multiplicative_fds_inverse fds_fds_nth)
context
includes fds_syntax
begin
lemma selberg_aux:
"(χ n. of_real ((ln n)⇧2)) * fds moebius_mu =
(fds mangoldt)⇧2 - fds_deriv (fds mangoldt :: 'a :: {comm_ring_1,real_algebra_1} fds)"
proof -
have "(χ n. of_real (ln (real n) ^ 2)) = fds_deriv (fds_deriv fds_zeta :: 'a fds)"
by (rule fds_eqI) (simp add: fds_nth_fds fds_nth_deriv power2_eq_square scaleR_conv_of_real)
also have "… = (fds mangoldt ^ 2 - fds_deriv (fds mangoldt)) * fds_zeta"
by (simp add: fds_deriv_zeta algebra_simps power2_eq_square)
also have "… * fds moebius_mu = ((fds mangoldt)⇧2 - fds_deriv (fds mangoldt)) *
(fds_zeta * fds moebius_mu)" by (simp add: mult_ac)
also have "fds_zeta * fds moebius_mu = (1 :: 'a fds)" by (fact fds_zeta_times_moebius_mu)
finally show ?thesis by simp
qed
lemma selberg_aux':
"mangoldt n * of_real (ln n) + (mangoldt ⋆ mangoldt) n =
((moebius_mu ⋆ (λb. of_real (ln b) ^ 2)) n
:: 'a :: {comm_ring_1,real_algebra_1})" if "n > 0"
using selberg_aux [symmetric] that
by (auto simp add: fds_eq_iff fds_nth_mult power2_eq_square fds_nth_deriv
dirichlet_prod_commutes algebra_simps scaleR_conv_of_real)
end
end