Theory NthRoot_Impl
section ‹Executable algorithms for $p$-th roots›
theory NthRoot_Impl
imports
Log_Impl
Cauchy.CauchysMeanTheorem
begin
text ‹
We implemented algorithms to decide $\sqrt[p]{n} \in \rats$ and to compute $\lfloor \sqrt[p]{n} \rfloor$.
To this end, we use a variant of Newton iteration which works with integer division instead of floating
point or rational division. To get suitable starting values for the Newton iteration, we also implemented
a function to approximate logarithms.
›
subsection ‹Logarithm›
text ‹For computing the $p$-th root of a number $n$, we must choose a starting value
in the iteration. Here, we use @{term "2 ^ (nat ⌈of_int ⌈log 2 n⌉ / p⌉)"}.
›
text ‹We use a partial efficient algorithm, which does not terminate on
corner-cases, like $b = 0$ or $p = 1$, and invoke it properly afterwards.
Then there is a second algorithm which terminates on these corner-cases by additional
guards and on which we can perform induction.
›
subsection ‹Computing the $p$-th root of an integer number›
text ‹Using the logarithm, we can define an executable version of the
intended starting value. Its main property is the inequality
@{term "(start_value x p) ^ p ≥ x"}, i.e., the start value is larger
than the p-th root. This property is essential, since our algorithm will abort
as soon as we fall below the p-th root.›
definition start_value :: "int ⇒ nat ⇒ int" where
"start_value n p = 2 ^ (nat ⌈of_nat (log_ceiling 2 n) / rat_of_nat p⌉)"
lemma start_value_main: assumes x: "x ≥ 0" and p: "p > 0"
shows "x ≤ (start_value x p)^p ∧ start_value x p ≥ 0"
proof (cases "x = 0")
case True
with p show ?thesis unfolding start_value_def True by simp
next
case False
with x have x: "x > 0" by auto
define l2x where "l2x = ⌈log 2 x⌉"
define pow where "pow = nat ⌈rat_of_int l2x / of_nat p⌉"
have "root p x = x powr (1 / p)" by (rule root_powr_inverse, insert x p, auto)
also have "… = (2 powr (log 2 x)) powr (1 / p)" using powr_log_cancel[of 2 x] x by auto
also have "… = 2 powr (log 2 x * (1 / p))" by (rule powr_powr)
also have "log 2 x * (1 / p) = log 2 x / p" using p by auto
finally have r: "root p x = 2 powr (log 2 x / p)" .
have lp: "log 2 x ≥ 0" using x by auto
hence l2pos: "l2x ≥ 0" by (auto simp: l2x_def)
have "log 2 x / p ≤ l2x / p" using x p unfolding l2x_def
by (metis divide_right_mono le_of_int_ceiling of_nat_0_le_iff)
also have "… ≤ ⌈l2x / (p :: real)⌉" by (simp add: ceiling_correct)
also have "l2x / real p = l2x / real_of_rat (of_nat p)"
by (metis of_rat_of_nat_eq)
also have "of_int l2x = real_of_rat (of_int l2x)"
by (metis of_rat_of_int_eq)
also have "real_of_rat (of_int l2x) / real_of_rat (of_nat p) = real_of_rat (rat_of_int l2x / of_nat p)"
by (metis of_rat_divide)
also have "⌈real_of_rat (rat_of_int l2x / rat_of_nat p)⌉ = ⌈rat_of_int l2x / of_nat p⌉"
by simp
also have "⌈rat_of_int l2x / of_nat p⌉ ≤ real pow" unfolding pow_def by auto
finally have le: "log 2 x / p ≤ pow" .
from powr_mono[OF le, of 2, folded r]
have "root p x ≤ 2 powr pow" by auto
also have "… = 2 ^ pow" by (rule powr_realpow, auto)
also have "… = of_int ((2 :: int) ^ pow)" by simp
also have "pow = (nat ⌈of_int (log_ceiling 2 x) / rat_of_nat p⌉)"
unfolding pow_def l2x_def using x by simp
also have "real_of_int ((2 :: int) ^ … ) = start_value x p" unfolding start_value_def by simp
finally have less: "root p x ≤ start_value x p" .
have "0 ≤ root p x" using p x by auto
also have "… ≤ start_value x p" by (rule less)
finally have start: "0 ≤ start_value x p" by simp
from power_mono[OF less, of p] have "root p (of_int x) ^ p ≤ of_int (start_value x p) ^ p" using p x by auto
also have "… = start_value x p ^ p" by simp
also have "root p (of_int x) ^ p = x" using p x by force
finally have "x ≤ (start_value x p) ^ p" by presburger
with start show ?thesis by auto
qed
lemma start_value: assumes x: "x ≥ 0" and p: "p > 0" shows "x ≤ (start_value x p) ^ p" "start_value x p ≥ 0"
using start_value_main[OF x p] by auto
text ‹We now define the Newton iteration to compute the $p$-th root. We are working on the integers,
where every @{term "(/)"} is replaced by @{term "(div)"}. We are proving several things within
a locale which ensures that $p > 0$, and where $pm = p - 1$.
›
locale fixed_root =
fixes p pm :: nat
assumes p: "p = Suc pm"
begin
function root_newton_int_main :: "int ⇒ int ⇒ int × bool" where
"root_newton_int_main x n = (if (x < 0 ∨ n < 0) then (0,False) else (if x ^ p ≤ n then (x, x ^ p = n)
else root_newton_int_main ((n div (x ^ pm) + x * int pm) div (int p)) n))"
by pat_completeness auto
end
text ‹For the executable algorithm we omit the guard and use a let-construction›
partial_function (tailrec) root_int_main' :: "nat ⇒ int ⇒ int ⇒ int ⇒ int ⇒ int × bool" where
[code]: "root_int_main' pm ipm ip x n = (let xpm = x^pm; xp = xpm * x in if xp ≤ n then (x, xp = n)
else root_int_main' pm ipm ip ((n div xpm + x * ipm) div ip) n)"
text ‹In the following algorithm, we
start the iteration.
It will compute @{term "⌊root p n⌋"} and a boolean to indicate whether the root is exact.›
definition root_int_main :: "nat ⇒ int ⇒ int × bool" where
"root_int_main p n ≡ if p = 0 then (1,n = 1) else
let pm = p - 1
in root_int_main' pm (int pm) (int p) (start_value n p) n"
text ‹Once we have proven soundness of @{const fixed_root.root_newton_int_main} and equivalence
to @{const root_int_main}, it
is easy to assemble the following algorithm which computes all roots for arbitrary integers.›
definition root_int :: "nat ⇒ int ⇒ int list" where
"root_int p x ≡ if p = 0 then [] else
if x = 0 then [0] else
let e = even p; s = sgn x; x' = abs x
in if x < 0 ∧ e then [] else case root_int_main p x' of (y,True) ⇒ if e then [y,-y] else [s * y] | _ ⇒ []"
text ‹We start with proving termination of @{const fixed_root.root_newton_int_main}.›
context fixed_root
begin
lemma iteration_mono_eq: assumes xn: "x ^ p = (n :: int)"
shows "(n div x ^ pm + x * int pm) div int p = x"
proof -
have [simp]: "⋀ n. (x + x * n) = x * (1 + n)" by (auto simp: field_simps)
show ?thesis unfolding xn[symmetric] p by simp
qed
lemma p0: "p ≠ 0" unfolding p by auto
text ‹The following property is the essential property for
proving termination of @{const "root_newton_int_main"}.
›
lemma iteration_mono_less: assumes x: "x ≥ 0"
and n: "n ≥ 0"
and xn: "x ^ p > (n :: int)"
shows "(n div x ^ pm + x * int pm) div int p < x"
proof -
let ?sx = "(n div x ^ pm + x * int pm) div int p"
from xn have xn_le: "x ^ p ≥ n" by auto
from xn x n have x0: "x > 0"
using not_le p by fastforce
from p have xp: "x ^ p = x * x ^ pm" by auto
from x n have "n div x ^ pm * x ^ pm ≤ n"
by (auto simp add: minus_mod_eq_div_mult [symmetric] mod_int_pos_iff not_less power_le_zero_eq)
also have "… ≤ x ^ p" using xn by auto
finally have le: "n div x ^ pm ≤ x" using x x0 unfolding xp by simp
have "?sx ≤ (x^p div x ^ pm + x * int pm) div int p"
by (rule zdiv_mono1, insert le p0, unfold xp, auto)
also have "x^p div x ^ pm = x" unfolding xp by auto
also have "x + x * int pm = x * int p" unfolding p by (auto simp: field_simps)
also have "x * int p div int p = x" using p by force
finally have le: "?sx ≤ x" .
{
assume "?sx = x"
from arg_cong[OF this, of "λ x. x * int p"]
have "x * int p ≤ (n div x ^ pm + x * int pm) div (int p) * int p" using p0 by simp
also have "… ≤ n div x ^ pm + x * int pm"
unfolding mod_div_equality_int using p by auto
finally have "n div x^pm ≥ x" by (auto simp: p field_simps)
from mult_right_mono[OF this, of "x ^ pm"]
have ge: "n div x^pm * x^pm ≥ x^p" unfolding xp using x by auto
from div_mult_mod_eq[of n "x^pm"] have "n div x^pm * x^pm = n - n mod x^pm" by arith
from ge[unfolded this]
have le: "x^p ≤ n - n mod x^pm" .
from x n have ge: "n mod x ^ pm ≥ 0"
by (auto simp add: mod_int_pos_iff not_less power_le_zero_eq)
from le ge
have "n ≥ x^p" by auto
with xn have False by auto
}
with le show ?thesis unfolding p by fastforce
qed
lemma iteration_mono_lesseq: assumes x: "x ≥ 0" and n: "n ≥ 0" and xn: "x ^ p ≥ (n :: int)"
shows "(n div x ^ pm + x * int pm) div int p ≤ x"
proof (cases "x ^ p = n")
case True
from iteration_mono_eq[OF this] show ?thesis by simp
next
case False
with assms have "x ^ p > n" by auto
from iteration_mono_less[OF x n this]
show ?thesis by simp
qed
termination
proof -
let ?mm = "λ x n :: int. nat x"
let ?m1 = "λ (x,n). ?mm x n"
let ?m = "measures [?m1]"
show ?thesis
proof (relation ?m)
fix x n :: int
assume "¬ x ^ p ≤ n"
hence x: "x ^ p > n" by auto
assume "¬ (x < 0 ∨ n < 0)"
hence x_n: "x ≥ 0" "n ≥ 0" by auto
from x x_n have x0: "x > 0" using p by (cases "x = 0", auto)
from iteration_mono_less[OF x_n x] x0
show "(((n div x ^ pm + x * int pm) div int p, n), x, n) ∈ ?m" by auto
qed auto
qed
text ‹We next prove that @{const root_int_main'} is a correct implementation of @{const root_newton_int_main}.
We additionally prove that the result is always positive, a lower bound, and that the returned boolean indicates
whether the result has a root or not. We prove all these results in one go, so that we can share the
inductive proof.
›
abbreviation root_main' where "root_main' ≡ root_int_main' pm (int pm) (int p)"
lemmas root_main'_simps = root_int_main'.simps[of pm "int pm" "int p"]
lemma root_main'_newton_pos: "x ≥ 0 ⟹ n ≥ 0 ⟹
root_main' x n = root_newton_int_main x n ∧ (root_main' x n = (y,b) ⟶ y ≥ 0 ∧ y^p ≤ n ∧ b = (y^p = n))"
proof (induct x n rule: root_newton_int_main.induct)
case (1 x n)
have pm_x[simp]: "x ^ pm * x = x ^ p" unfolding p by simp
from 1 have id: "(x < 0 ∨ n < 0) = False" by auto
note d = root_main'_simps[of x n] root_newton_int_main.simps[of x n] id if_False Let_def
show ?case
proof (cases "x ^ p ≤ n")
case True
thus ?thesis unfolding d using 1(2) by auto
next
case False
hence id: "(x ^ p ≤ n) = False" by simp
from 1(3) 1(2) have not: "¬ (x < 0 ∨ n < 0)" by auto
then have x: "x > 0 ∨ x = 0"
by auto
with ‹0 ≤ n› have "0 ≤ (n div x ^ pm + x * int pm) div int p"
by (auto simp add: p algebra_simps pos_imp_zdiv_nonneg_iff power_0_left)
then show ?thesis unfolding d id pm_x
by (rule 1(1)[OF not False _ 1(3)])
qed
qed
lemma root_main': "x ≥ 0 ⟹ n ≥ 0 ⟹ root_main' x n = root_newton_int_main x n"
using root_main'_newton_pos by blast
lemma root_main'_pos: "x ≥ 0 ⟹ n ≥ 0 ⟹ root_main' x n = (y,b) ⟹ y ≥ 0"
using root_main'_newton_pos by blast
lemma root_main'_sound: "x ≥ 0 ⟹ n ≥ 0 ⟹ root_main' x n = (y,b) ⟹ b = (y ^ p = n)"
using root_main'_newton_pos by blast
text ‹In order to prove completeness of the algorithms, we provide sharp upper and lower bounds
for @{const root_main'}. For the upper bounds, we use Cauchy's mean theorem where we added
the non-strict variant to Porter's formalization of this theorem.›
lemma root_main'_lower: "x ≥ 0 ⟹ n ≥ 0 ⟹ root_main' x n = (y,b) ⟹ y ^ p ≤ n"
using root_main'_newton_pos by blast
lemma root_newton_int_main_upper:
shows "y ^ p ≥ n ⟹ y ≥ 0 ⟹ n ≥ 0 ⟹ root_newton_int_main y n = (x,b) ⟹ n < (x + 1) ^ p"
proof (induct y n rule: root_newton_int_main.induct)
case (1 y n)
from 1(3) have y0: "y ≥ 0" .
then have "y > 0 ∨ y = 0"
by auto
from 1(4) have n0: "n ≥ 0" .
define y' where "y' = (n div (y ^ pm) + y * int pm) div (int p)"
from ‹y > 0 ∨ y = 0› ‹n ≥ 0› have y'0: "y' ≥ 0"
by (auto simp add: y'_def p algebra_simps pos_imp_zdiv_nonneg_iff power_0_left)
let ?rt = "root_newton_int_main"
from 1(5) have rt: "?rt y n = (x,b)" by auto
from y0 n0 have not: "¬ (y < 0 ∨ n < 0)" "(y < 0 ∨ n < 0) = False" by auto
note rt = rt[unfolded root_newton_int_main.simps[of y n] not(2) if_False, folded y'_def]
note IH = 1(1)[folded y'_def, OF not(1) _ _ y'0 n0]
show ?case
proof (cases "y ^ p ≤ n")
case False note yyn = this
with rt have rt: "?rt y' n = (x,b)" by simp
show ?thesis
proof (cases "n ≤ y' ^ p")
case True
show ?thesis
by (rule IH[OF False True rt])
next
case False
with rt have x: "x = y'" unfolding root_newton_int_main.simps[of y' n]
using n0 y'0 by simp
from yyn have yyn: "y^p > n" by simp
from False have yyn': "n > y' ^ p" by auto
{
assume pm: "pm = 0"
have y': "y' = n" unfolding y'_def p pm by simp
with yyn' have False unfolding p pm by auto
}
hence pm0: "pm > 0" by auto
show ?thesis
proof (cases "n = 0")
case True
thus ?thesis unfolding p
by (metis False y'0 zero_le_power)
next
case False note n00 = this
let ?y = "of_int y :: real"
let ?n = "of_int n :: real"
from yyn n0 have y00: "y ≠ 0" unfolding p by auto
from y00 y0 have y0: "?y > 0" by auto
from n0 False have n0: "?n > 0" by auto
define Y where "Y = ?y * of_int pm"
define NY where "NY = ?n / ?y ^ pm"
note pos_intro = divide_nonneg_pos add_nonneg_nonneg mult_nonneg_nonneg
have NY0: "NY > 0" unfolding NY_def using y0 n0
by (metis NY_def zero_less_divide_iff zero_less_power)
let ?ls = "NY # replicate pm ?y"
have prod: "∏:replicate pm ?y = ?y ^ pm "
by (induct pm, auto)
have sum: "∑:replicate pm ?y = Y" unfolding Y_def
by (induct pm, auto simp: field_simps)
have pos: "pos ?ls" unfolding pos_def using NY0 y0 by auto
have "root p ?n = gmean ?ls" unfolding gmean_def using y0
by (auto simp: p NY_def prod)
also have "… < mean ?ls"
proof (rule CauchysMeanTheorem_Less[OF pos het_gt_0I])
show "NY ∈ set ?ls" by simp
from pm0 show "?y ∈ set ?ls" by simp
have "NY < ?y"
proof -
from yyn have less: "?n < ?y ^ Suc pm" unfolding p
by (metis of_int_less_iff of_int_power)
have "NY < ?y ^ Suc pm / ?y ^ pm" unfolding NY_def
by (rule divide_strict_right_mono[OF less], insert y0, auto)
thus ?thesis using y0 by auto
qed
thus "NY ≠ ?y" by blast
qed
also have "… = (NY + Y) / real p"
by (simp add: mean_def sum p)
finally have *: "root p ?n < (NY + Y) / real p" .
have "?n = (root p ?n)^p" using n0
by (metis neq0_conv p0 real_root_pow_pos)
also have "… < ((NY + Y) / real p)^p"
by (rule power_strict_mono[OF *], insert n0 p, auto)
finally have ineq1: "?n < ((NY + Y) / real p)^p" by auto
{
define s where "s = n div y ^ pm + y * int pm"
define S where "S = NY + Y"
have Y0: "Y ≥ 0" using y0 unfolding Y_def
by (metis "1.prems"(2) mult_nonneg_nonneg of_int_0_le_iff of_nat_0_le_iff)
have S0: "S > 0" using NY0 Y0 unfolding S_def by auto
from p have p0: "p > 0" by auto
have "?n / ?y ^ pm < of_int (floor (?n / ?y^pm)) + 1"
by (rule divide_less_floor1)
also have "floor (?n / ?y ^ pm) = n div y^pm"
unfolding div_is_floor_divide_real by (metis of_int_power)
finally have "NY < of_int (n div y ^ pm) + 1" unfolding NY_def by simp
hence less: "S < of_int s + 1" unfolding Y_def s_def S_def by simp
{
have f1: "∀x⇩0. rat_of_int ⌊rat_of_nat x⇩0⌋ = rat_of_nat x⇩0"
using of_int_of_nat_eq by simp
have f2: "∀x⇩0. real_of_int ⌊rat_of_nat x⇩0⌋ = real x⇩0"
using of_int_of_nat_eq by auto
have f3: "∀x⇩0 x⇩1. ⌊rat_of_int x⇩0 / rat_of_int x⇩1⌋ = ⌊real_of_int x⇩0 / real_of_int x⇩1⌋"
using div_is_floor_divide_rat div_is_floor_divide_real by simp
have f4: "0 < ⌊rat_of_nat p⌋"
using p by simp
have "⌊S⌋ ≤ s" using less floor_le_iff by auto
hence "⌊rat_of_int ⌊S⌋ / rat_of_nat p⌋ ≤ ⌊rat_of_int s / rat_of_nat p⌋"
using f1 f3 f4 by (metis div_is_floor_divide_real zdiv_mono1)
hence "⌊S / real p⌋ ≤ ⌊rat_of_int s / rat_of_nat p⌋"
using f1 f2 f3 f4 by (metis div_is_floor_divide_real floor_div_pos_int)
hence "S / real p ≤ real_of_int (s div int p) + 1"
using f1 f3 by (metis div_is_floor_divide_real floor_le_iff floor_of_nat less_eq_real_def)
}
hence "S / real p ≤ of_int(s div p) + 1" .
note this[unfolded S_def s_def]
}
hence ge: "of_int y' + 1 ≥ (NY + Y) / p" unfolding y'_def
by simp
have pos1: "(NY + Y) / p ≥ 0" unfolding Y_def NY_def
by (intro divide_nonneg_pos add_nonneg_nonneg mult_nonneg_nonneg,
insert y0 n0 p0, auto)
have pos2: "of_int y' + (1 :: rat) ≥ 0" using y'0 by auto
have ineq2: "(of_int y' + 1) ^ p ≥ ((NY + Y) / p) ^ p"
by (rule power_mono[OF ge pos1])
from order.strict_trans2[OF ineq1 ineq2]
have "?n < of_int ((x + 1) ^ p)" unfolding x
by (metis of_int_1 of_int_add of_int_power)
thus "n < (x + 1) ^ p" using of_int_less_iff by blast
qed
qed
next
case True
with rt have x: "x = y" by simp
with 1(2) True have n: "n = y ^ p" by auto
show ?thesis unfolding n x using y0 unfolding p
by (metis add_le_less_mono add_less_cancel_left lessI less_add_one add.right_neutral le_iff_add power_strict_mono)
qed
qed
lemma root_main'_upper:
"x ^ p ≥ n ⟹ x ≥ 0 ⟹ n ≥ 0 ⟹ root_main' x n = (y,b) ⟹ n < (y + 1) ^ p"
using root_newton_int_main_upper[of n x y b] root_main'[of x n] by auto
end
text ‹Now we can prove all the nice properties of @{const root_int_main}.›
lemma root_int_main_all: assumes n: "n ≥ 0"
and rm: "root_int_main p n = (y,b)"
shows "y ≥ 0 ∧ b = (y ^ p = n) ∧ (p > 0 ⟶ y ^ p ≤ n ∧ n < (y + 1)^p)
∧ (p > 0 ⟶ x ≥ 0 ⟶ x ^ p = n ⟶ y = x ∧ b)"
proof (cases "p = 0")
case True
with rm[unfolded root_int_main_def]
have y: "y = 1" and b: "b = (n = 1)" by auto
show ?thesis unfolding True y b using n by auto
next
case False
from False have p_0: "p > 0" by auto
from False have "(p = 0) = False" by simp
from rm[unfolded root_int_main_def this Let_def]
have rm: "root_int_main' (p - 1) (int (p - 1)) (int p) (start_value n p) n = (y,b)" by simp
from start_value[OF n p_0] have start: "n ≤ (start_value n p)^p" "0 ≤ start_value n p" by auto
interpret fixed_root p "p - 1"
by (unfold_locales, insert False, auto)
from root_main'_pos[OF start(2) n rm] have y: "y ≥ 0" .
from root_main'_sound[OF start(2) n rm] have b: "b = (y ^ p = n)" .
from root_main'_lower[OF start(2) n rm] have low: "y ^ p ≤ n" .
from root_main'_upper[OF start n rm] have up: "n < (y + 1) ^ p" .
{
assume n: "x ^ p = n" and x: "x ≥ 0"
with low up have low: "y ^ p ≤ x ^ p" and up: "x ^ p < (y+1) ^ p" by auto
from power_strict_mono[of x y, OF _ x p_0] low have x: "x ≥ y" by arith
from power_mono[of "(y + 1)" x p] y up have y: "y ≥ x" by arith
from x y have "x = y" by auto
with b n
have "y = x ∧ b" by auto
}
thus ?thesis using b low up y by auto
qed
lemma root_int_main: assumes n: "n ≥ 0"
and rm: "root_int_main p n = (y,b)"
shows "y ≥ 0" "b = (y ^ p = n)" "p > 0 ⟹ y ^ p ≤ n" "p > 0 ⟹ n < (y + 1)^p"
"p > 0 ⟹ x ≥ 0 ⟹ x ^ p = n ⟹ y = x ∧ b"
using root_int_main_all[OF n rm, of x] by blast+
lemma root_int[simp]: assumes p: "p ≠ 0 ∨ x ≠ 1"
shows "set (root_int p x) = {y . y ^ p = x}"
proof (cases "p = 0")
case True
with p have "x ≠ 1" by auto
thus ?thesis unfolding root_int_def True by auto
next
case False
hence p: "(p = 0) = False" and p0: "p > 0" by auto
note d = root_int_def p if_False Let_def
show ?thesis
proof (cases "x = 0")
case True
thus ?thesis unfolding d using p0 by auto
next
case False
hence x: "(x = 0) = False" by auto
show ?thesis
proof (cases "x < 0 ∧ even p")
case True
hence left: "set (root_int p x) = {}" unfolding d by auto
{
fix y
assume x: "y ^ p = x"
with True have "y ^ p < 0 ∧ even p" by auto
hence False by presburger
}
with left show ?thesis by auto
next
case False
with x p have cond: "(x = 0) = False" "(x < 0 ∧ even p) = False" by auto
obtain y b where rt: "root_int_main p ¦x¦ = (y,b)" by force
have "abs x ≥ 0" by auto
note rm = root_int_main[OF this rt]
have "?thesis =
(set (case root_int_main p ¦x¦ of (y, True) ⇒ if even p then [y, - y] else [sgn x * y] | (y, False) ⇒ []) =
{y. y ^ p = x})" unfolding d cond by blast
also have "(case root_int_main p ¦x¦ of (y, True) ⇒ if even p then [y, - y] else [sgn x * y] | (y, False) ⇒ [])
= (if b then if even p then [y, - y] else [sgn x * y] else [])" (is "_ = ?lhs")
unfolding rt by auto
also have "set ?lhs = {y. y ^ p = x}" (is "_ = ?rhs")
proof -
{
fix z
assume idx: "z ^ p = x"
hence eq: "(abs z) ^ p = abs x" by (metis power_abs)
from idx x p0 have z: "z ≠ 0" unfolding p by auto
have "(y, b) = (¦z¦, True)"
using rm(5)[OF p0 _ eq] by auto
hence id: "y = abs z" "b = True" by auto
have "z ∈ set ?lhs" unfolding id using z by (auto simp: idx[symmetric], cases "z < 0", auto)
}
moreover
{
fix z
assume z: "z ∈ set ?lhs"
hence b: "b = True" by (cases b, auto)
note z = z[unfolded b if_True]
from rm(2) b have yx: "y ^ p = ¦x¦" by auto
from rm(1) have y: "y ≥ 0" .
from False have "odd p ∨ even p ∧ x ≥ 0" by auto
hence "z ∈ ?rhs"
proof
assume odd: "odd p"
with z have "z = sgn x * y" by auto
hence "z ^ p = (sgn x * y) ^ p" by auto
also have "… = sgn x ^ p * y ^ p" unfolding power_mult_distrib by auto
also have "… = sgn x ^ p * abs x" unfolding yx by simp
also have "sgn x ^ p = sgn x" using x odd by auto
also have "sgn x * abs x = x" by (rule mult_sgn_abs)
finally show "z ∈ ?rhs" by auto
next
assume even: "even p ∧ x ≥ 0"
from z even have "z = y ∨ z = -y" by auto
hence id: "abs z = y" using y by auto
with yx x even have z: "z ≠ 0" using p0 by (cases "y = 0", auto)
have "z ^ p = (sgn z * abs z) ^ p" by (simp add: mult_sgn_abs)
also have "… = (sgn z * y) ^ p" using id by auto
also have "… = (sgn z)^p * y ^ p" unfolding power_mult_distrib by simp
also have "… = sgn z ^ p * x" unfolding yx using even by auto
also have "sgn z ^ p = 1" using even z by (auto)
finally show "z ∈ ?rhs" by auto
qed
}
ultimately show ?thesis by blast
qed
finally show ?thesis by auto
qed
qed
qed
lemma root_int_pos: assumes x: "x ≥ 0" and ri: "root_int p x = y # ys"
shows "y ≥ 0"
proof -
from x have abs: "abs x = x" by auto
note ri = ri[unfolded root_int_def Let_def abs]
from ri have p: "(p = 0) = False" by (cases p, auto)
note ri = ri[unfolded p if_False]
show ?thesis
proof (cases "x = 0")
case True
with ri show ?thesis by auto
next
case False
hence "(x = 0) = False" "(x < 0 ∧ even p) = False" using x by auto
note ri = ri[unfolded this if_False]
obtain y' b' where r: "root_int_main p x = (y',b')" by force
note ri = ri[unfolded this]
hence y: "y = (if even p then y' else sgn x * y')" by (cases b', auto)
from root_int_main(1)[OF x r] have y': "0 ≤ y'" .
thus ?thesis unfolding y using x False by auto
qed
qed
subsection ‹Floor and ceiling of roots›
text ‹Using the bounds for @{const root_int_main} we can easily design
algorithms which compute @{term "floor (root p x)"} and @{term "ceiling (root p x)"}.
To this end, we first develop algorithms for non-negative @{term x}, and later on
these are used for the general case.›
definition "root_int_floor_pos p x = (if p = 0 then 0 else fst (root_int_main p x))"
definition "root_int_ceiling_pos p x = (if p = 0 then 0 else (case root_int_main p x of (y,b) ⇒ if b then y else y + 1))"
lemma root_int_floor_pos_lower: assumes p0: "p ≠ 0" and x: "x ≥ 0"
shows "root_int_floor_pos p x ^ p ≤ x"
using root_int_main(3)[OF x, of p] p0 unfolding root_int_floor_pos_def
by (cases "root_int_main p x", auto)
lemma root_int_floor_pos_pos: assumes x: "x ≥ 0"
shows "root_int_floor_pos p x ≥ 0"
using root_int_main(1)[OF x, of p]
unfolding root_int_floor_pos_def
by (cases "root_int_main p x", auto)
lemma root_int_floor_pos_upper: assumes p0: "p ≠ 0" and x: "x ≥ 0"
shows "(root_int_floor_pos p x + 1) ^ p > x"
using root_int_main(4)[OF x, of p] p0 unfolding root_int_floor_pos_def
by (cases "root_int_main p x", auto)
lemma root_int_floor_pos: assumes x: "x ≥ 0"
shows "root_int_floor_pos p x = floor (root p (of_int x))"
proof (cases "p = 0")
case True
thus ?thesis by (simp add: root_int_floor_pos_def)
next
case False
hence p: "p > 0" by auto
let ?s1 = "real_of_int (root_int_floor_pos p x)"
let ?s2 = "root p (of_int x)"
from x have s1: "?s1 ≥ 0"
by (metis of_int_0_le_iff root_int_floor_pos_pos)
from x have s2: "?s2 ≥ 0"
by (metis of_int_0_le_iff real_root_pos_pos_le)
from s1 have s11: "?s1 + 1 ≥ 0" by auto
have id: "?s2 ^ p = of_int x" using x
by (metis p of_int_0_le_iff real_root_pow_pos2)
show ?thesis
proof (rule floor_unique[symmetric])
show "?s1 ≤ ?s2"
unfolding compare_pow_le_iff[OF p s1 s2, symmetric]
unfolding id
using root_int_floor_pos_lower[OF False x]
by (metis of_int_le_iff of_int_power)
show "?s2 < ?s1 + 1"
unfolding compare_pow_less_iff[OF p s2 s11, symmetric]
unfolding id
using root_int_floor_pos_upper[OF False x]
by (metis of_int_add of_int_less_iff of_int_power of_int_1)
qed
qed
lemma root_int_ceiling_pos: assumes x: "x ≥ 0"
shows "root_int_ceiling_pos p x = ceiling (root p (of_int x))"
proof (cases "p = 0")
case True
thus ?thesis by (simp add: root_int_ceiling_pos_def)
next
case False
hence p: "p > 0" by auto
obtain y b where s: "root_int_main p x = (y,b)" by force
note rm = root_int_main[OF x s]
note rm = rm(1-2) rm(3-5)[OF p]
from rm(1) have y: "y ≥ 0" by simp
let ?s = "root_int_ceiling_pos p x"
let ?sx = "root p (of_int x)"
note d = root_int_ceiling_pos_def
show ?thesis
proof (cases b)
case True
hence id: "?s = y" unfolding s d using p by auto
from rm(2) True have xy: "x = y ^ p" by auto
show ?thesis unfolding id unfolding xy using y
by (simp add: p real_root_power_cancel)
next
case False
hence id: "?s = root_int_floor_pos p x + 1" unfolding d root_int_floor_pos_def
using s p by simp
from False have x0: "x ≠ 0" using rm(5)[of 0] using s unfolding root_int_main_def Let_def using p
by (cases "x = 0", auto)
show ?thesis unfolding id root_int_floor_pos[OF x]
proof (rule ceiling_unique[symmetric])
show "?sx ≤ real_of_int (⌊root p (of_int x)⌋ + 1)"
by (metis of_int_add real_of_int_floor_add_one_ge of_int_1)
let ?l = "real_of_int (⌊root p (of_int x)⌋ + 1) - 1"
let ?m = "real_of_int ⌊root p (of_int x)⌋"
have "?l = ?m" by simp
also have "… < ?sx"
proof -
have le: "?m ≤ ?sx" by (rule of_int_floor_le)
have neq: "?m ≠ ?sx"
proof
assume "?m = ?sx"
hence "?m ^ p = ?sx ^ p" by auto
also have "… = of_int x" using x False
by (metis p real_root_ge_0_iff real_root_pow_pos2 root_int_floor_pos root_int_floor_pos_pos zero_le_floor zero_less_Suc)
finally have xs: "x = ⌊root p (of_int x)⌋ ^ p"
by (metis floor_power floor_of_int)
hence "⌊root p (of_int x)⌋ ∈ set (root_int p x)" using p by simp
hence "root_int p x ≠ []" by force
with s False ‹p ≠ 0› x x0 show False unfolding root_int_def
by (cases p, auto)
qed
from le neq show ?thesis by arith
qed
finally show "?l < ?sx" .
qed
qed
qed
definition "root_int_floor p x = (if x ≥ 0 then root_int_floor_pos p x else - root_int_ceiling_pos p (- x))"
definition "root_int_ceiling p x = (if x ≥ 0 then root_int_ceiling_pos p x else - root_int_floor_pos p (- x))"
lemma root_int_floor[simp]: "root_int_floor p x = floor (root p (of_int x))"
proof -
note d = root_int_floor_def
show ?thesis
proof (cases "x ≥ 0")
case True
with root_int_floor_pos[OF True, of p] show ?thesis unfolding d by simp
next
case False
hence "- x ≥ 0" by auto
from False root_int_ceiling_pos[OF this] show ?thesis unfolding d
by (simp add: real_root_minus ceiling_minus)
qed
qed
lemma root_int_ceiling[simp]: "root_int_ceiling p x = ceiling (root p (of_int x))"
proof -
note d = root_int_ceiling_def
show ?thesis
proof (cases "x ≥ 0")
case True
with root_int_ceiling_pos[OF True] show ?thesis unfolding d by simp
next
case False
hence "- x ≥ 0" by auto
from False root_int_floor_pos[OF this, of p] show ?thesis unfolding d
by (simp add: real_root_minus floor_minus)
qed
qed
subsection ‹Downgrading algorithms to the naturals›
definition root_nat_floor :: "nat ⇒ nat ⇒ int" where
"root_nat_floor p x = root_int_floor_pos p (int x)"
definition root_nat_ceiling :: "nat ⇒ nat ⇒ int" where
"root_nat_ceiling p x = root_int_ceiling_pos p (int x)"
definition root_nat :: "nat ⇒ nat ⇒ nat list" where
"root_nat p x = map nat (take 1 (root_int p x))"
lemma root_nat_floor [simp]: "root_nat_floor p x = floor (root p (real x))"
unfolding root_nat_floor_def using root_int_floor_pos[of "int x" p]
by auto
lemma root_nat_floor_lower: assumes p0: "p ≠ 0"
shows "root_nat_floor p x ^ p ≤ x"
using root_int_floor_pos_lower[OF p0, of x] unfolding root_nat_floor_def by auto
lemma root_nat_floor_upper: assumes p0: "p ≠ 0"
shows "(root_nat_floor p x + 1) ^ p > x"
using root_int_floor_pos_upper[OF p0, of x] unfolding root_nat_floor_def by auto
lemma root_nat_ceiling [simp]: "root_nat_ceiling p x = ceiling (root p x)"
unfolding root_nat_ceiling_def using root_int_ceiling_pos[of x p]
by auto
lemma root_nat: assumes p0: "p ≠ 0 ∨ x ≠ 1"
shows "set (root_nat p x) = { y. y ^ p = x}"
proof -
{
fix y
assume "y ∈ set (root_nat p x)"
note y = this[unfolded root_nat_def]
then obtain yi ys where ri: "root_int p x = yi # ys" by (cases "root_int p x", auto)
with y have y: "y = nat yi" by auto
from root_int_pos[OF _ ri] have yi: "0 ≤ yi" by auto
from root_int[of p "int x"] p0 ri have "yi ^ p = x" by auto
from arg_cong[OF this, of nat] yi have "nat yi ^ p = x"
by (metis nat_int nat_power_eq)
hence "y ∈ {y. y ^ p = x}" using y by auto
}
moreover
{
fix y
assume yx: "y ^ p = x"
hence y: "int y ^ p = int x"
by (metis of_nat_power)
hence "set (root_int p (int x)) ≠ {}" using root_int[of p "int x"] p0
by (metis (mono_tags) One_nat_def ‹y ^ p = x› empty_Collect_eq nat_power_eq_Suc_0_iff)
then obtain yi ys where ri: "root_int p (int x) = yi # ys"
by (cases "root_int p (int x)", auto)
from root_int_pos[OF _ this] have yip: "yi ≥ 0" by auto
from root_int[of p "int x", unfolded ri] p0 have yi: "yi ^ p = int x" by auto
with y have "int y ^ p = yi ^ p" by auto
from arg_cong[OF this, of nat] have id: "y ^ p = nat yi ^ p"
by (metis ‹y ^ p = x› nat_int nat_power_eq yi yip)
{
assume p: "p ≠ 0"
hence p0: "p > 0" by auto
obtain yy b where rm: "root_int_main p (int x) = (yy,b)" by force
from root_int_main(5)[OF _ rm p0 _ y] have "yy = int y" and "b = True" by auto
note rm = rm[unfolded this]
hence "y ∈ set (root_nat p x)"
unfolding root_nat_def p root_int_def using p0 p yx
by auto
}
moreover
{
assume p: "p = 0"
with p0 have "x ≠ 1" by auto
with y p have False by auto
}
ultimately have "y ∈ set (root_nat p x)" by auto
}
ultimately show ?thesis by blast
qed
subsection ‹Upgrading algorithms to the rationals›
text ‹The main observation to lift everything from the integers to the rationals is the fact, that one
can reformulate $\frac{a}{b}^{1/p}$ as $\frac{(ab^{p-1})^{1/p}}b$.›
definition root_rat_floor :: "nat ⇒ rat ⇒ int" where
"root_rat_floor p x ≡ case quotient_of x of (a,b) ⇒ root_int_floor p (a * b^(p - 1)) div b"
definition root_rat_ceiling :: "nat ⇒ rat ⇒ int" where
"root_rat_ceiling p x ≡ - (root_rat_floor p (-x))"
definition root_rat :: "nat ⇒ rat ⇒ rat list" where
"root_rat p x ≡ case quotient_of x of (a,b) ⇒ concat
(map (λ rb. map (λ ra. of_int ra / rat_of_int rb) (root_int p a)) (take 1 (root_int p b)))"
lemma root_rat_reform: assumes q: "quotient_of x = (a,b)"
shows "root p (real_of_rat x) = root p (of_int (a * b ^ (p - 1))) / of_int b"
proof (cases "p = 0")
case False
from quotient_of_denom_pos[OF q] have b: "0 < b" by auto
hence b: "0 < real_of_int b" by auto
from quotient_of_div[OF q] have x: "root p (real_of_rat x) = root p (a / b)"
by (metis of_rat_divide of_rat_of_int_eq)
also have "a / b = a * real_of_int b ^ (p - 1) / of_int b ^ p" using b False
by (cases p, auto simp: field_simps)
also have "root p … = root p (a * real_of_int b ^ (p - 1)) / root p (of_int b ^ p)" by (rule real_root_divide)
also have "root p (of_int b ^ p) = of_int b" using False b
by (metis neq0_conv real_root_pow_pos real_root_power)
also have "a * real_of_int b ^ (p - 1) = of_int (a * b ^ (p - 1))"
by (metis of_int_mult of_int_power)
finally show ?thesis .
qed auto
lemma root_rat_floor [simp]: "root_rat_floor p x = floor (root p (of_rat x))"
proof -
obtain a b where q: "quotient_of x = (a,b)" by force
from quotient_of_denom_pos[OF q] have b: "b > 0" .
show ?thesis
unfolding root_rat_floor_def q split root_int_floor
unfolding root_rat_reform[OF q] floor_div_pos_int[OF b] ..
qed
lemma root_rat_ceiling [simp]: "root_rat_ceiling p x = ceiling (root p (of_rat x))"
unfolding
root_rat_ceiling_def
ceiling_def
real_root_minus
root_rat_floor
of_rat_minus
..
lemma root_rat[simp]: assumes p: "p ≠ 0 ∨ x ≠ 1"
shows "set (root_rat p x) = { y. y ^ p = x}"
proof (cases "p = 0")
case False
note p = this
obtain a b where q: "quotient_of x = (a,b)" by force
note x = quotient_of_div[OF q]
have b: "b > 0" by (rule quotient_of_denom_pos[OF q])
note d = root_rat_def q split set_concat set_map
{
fix q
assume "q ∈ set (root_rat p x)"
note mem = this[unfolded d]
from mem obtain rb xs where rb: "root_int p b = Cons rb xs" by (cases "root_int p b", auto)
note mem = mem[unfolded this]
from mem obtain ra where ra: "ra ∈ set (root_int p a)" and q: "q = of_int ra / of_int rb"
by (cases "root_int p a", auto)
from rb have "rb ∈ set (root_int p b)" by auto
with ra p have rb: "b = rb ^ p" and ra: "a = ra ^ p" by auto
have "q ∈ {y. y ^ p = x}" unfolding q x ra rb
by (auto simp: power_divide)
}
moreover
{
fix q
assume "q ∈ {y. y ^ p = x}"
hence "q ^ p = of_int a / of_int b" unfolding x by auto
hence eq: "of_int b * q ^ p = of_int a" using b by auto
obtain z n where quo: "quotient_of q = (z,n)" by force
note qzn = quotient_of_div[OF quo]
have n: "n > 0" using quotient_of_denom_pos[OF quo] .
from eq[unfolded qzn] have "rat_of_int b * of_int z^p / of_int n^p = of_int a"
unfolding power_divide by simp
from arg_cong[OF this, of "λ x. x * of_int n^p"] n have "rat_of_int b * of_int z^p = of_int a * of_int n ^ p"
by auto
also have "rat_of_int b * of_int z^p = rat_of_int (b * z^p)" unfolding of_int_mult of_int_power ..
also have "of_int a * rat_of_int n ^ p = of_int (a * n ^ p)" unfolding of_int_mult of_int_power ..
finally have id: "a * n ^ p = b * z ^ p" by linarith
from quotient_of_coprime[OF quo] have cop: "coprime (z ^ p) (n ^ p)"
by simp
from coprime_crossproduct_int[OF quotient_of_coprime[OF q] this] arg_cong[OF id, of abs]
have "¦n ^ p¦ = ¦b¦"
by (simp add: field_simps abs_mult)
with n b have bnp: "b = n ^ p" by auto
hence rn: "n ∈ set (root_int p b)" using p by auto
then obtain rb rs where rb: "root_int p b = Cons rb rs" by (cases "root_int p b", auto)
from id[folded bnp] b have "a = z ^ p" by auto
hence a: "z ∈ set (root_int p a)" using p by auto
from root_int_pos[OF _ rb] b have rb0: "rb ≥ 0" by auto
from root_int[OF disjI1[OF p], of b] rb have "rb ^ p = b" by auto
with bnp have id: "rb ^ p = n ^ p" by auto
have "rb = n" by (rule power_eq_imp_eq_base[OF id], insert n rb0 p, auto)
with rb have b: "n ∈ set (take 1 (root_int p b))" by auto
have "q ∈ set (root_rat p x)" unfolding d qzn using b a by auto
}
ultimately show ?thesis by blast
next
case True
with p have x: "x ≠ 1" by auto
obtain a b where q: "quotient_of x = (a,b)" by force
show ?thesis unfolding True root_rat_def q split root_int_def using x
by auto
qed
end