Theory Linear_Recurrences.Factorizations
section ‹Factorizations of polynomials›
theory Factorizations
imports
Complex_Main
Linear_Recurrences_Misc
"HOL-Computational_Algebra.Computational_Algebra"
"HOL-Computational_Algebra.Polynomial_Factorial"
begin
text ‹
We view a factorisation of a polynomial as a pair consisting of the leading coefficient
and a list of roots with multiplicities. This gives us a factorization into factors of
the form $(X - c) ^ {n+1}$.
›
definition interp_factorization where
"interp_factorization = (λ(a,cs). Polynomial.smult a (∏(c,n)←cs. [:-c,1:] ^ Suc n))"
text ‹
An alternative way to factorise is as a pair of the leading coefficient and
factors of the form $(1 - cX) ^ {n+1}$.
›
definition interp_alt_factorization where
"interp_alt_factorization = (λ(a,cs). Polynomial.smult a (∏(c,n)←cs. [:1,-c:] ^ Suc n))"
definition is_factorization_of where
"is_factorization_of fctrs p =
(interp_factorization fctrs = p ∧ distinct (map fst (snd fctrs)))"
definition is_alt_factorization_of where
"is_alt_factorization_of fctrs p =
(interp_alt_factorization fctrs = p ∧ 0 ∉ set (map fst (snd fctrs)) ∧
distinct (map fst (snd fctrs)))"
text ‹
Regular and alternative factorisations are related by reflecting the polynomial.
›
lemma interp_factorization_reflect:
assumes "(0::'a::idom) ∉ fst ` set (snd fctrs)"
shows "reflect_poly (interp_factorization fctrs) = interp_alt_factorization fctrs"
proof -
have "reflect_poly (interp_factorization fctrs) =
Polynomial.smult (fst fctrs) (∏x←snd fctrs. reflect_poly [:- fst x, 1:] ^ Suc (snd x))"
by (simp add: interp_factorization_def interp_alt_factorization_def case_prod_unfold
reflect_poly_smult reflect_poly_prod_list reflect_poly_power o_def del: power_Suc)
also have "map (λx. reflect_poly [:- fst x, 1:] ^ Suc (snd x)) (snd fctrs) =
map (λx. [:1, - fst x:] ^ Suc (snd x)) (snd fctrs)"
using assms by (intro list.map_cong0, subst reflect_poly_pCons) auto
also have "Polynomial.smult (fst fctrs) (prod_list …) = interp_alt_factorization fctrs"
by (simp add: interp_alt_factorization_def case_prod_unfold)
finally show ?thesis .
qed
lemma interp_alt_factorization_reflect:
assumes "(0::'a::idom) ∉ fst ` set (snd fctrs)"
shows "reflect_poly (interp_alt_factorization fctrs) = interp_factorization fctrs"
proof -
have "reflect_poly (interp_alt_factorization fctrs) =
Polynomial.smult (fst fctrs) (∏x←snd fctrs. reflect_poly [:1, - fst x:] ^ Suc (snd x))"
by (simp add: interp_factorization_def interp_alt_factorization_def case_prod_unfold
reflect_poly_smult reflect_poly_prod_list reflect_poly_power o_def del: power_Suc)
also have "map (λx. reflect_poly [:1, - fst x:] ^ Suc (snd x)) (snd fctrs) =
map (λx. [:- fst x, 1:] ^ Suc (snd x)) (snd fctrs)"
proof (intro list.map_cong0, clarsimp simp del: power_Suc, goal_cases)
fix c n assume "(c, n) ∈ set (snd fctrs)"
with assms have "c ≠ 0" by force
thus "reflect_poly [:1, -c:] ^ Suc n = [:-c, 1:] ^ Suc n"
by (simp add: reflect_poly_pCons del: power_Suc)
qed
also have "Polynomial.smult (fst fctrs) (prod_list …) = interp_factorization fctrs"
by (simp add: interp_factorization_def case_prod_unfold)
finally show ?thesis .
qed
lemma coeff_0_interp_factorization:
"coeff (interp_factorization fctrs) 0 = (0 :: 'a :: idom) ⟷
fst fctrs = 0 ∨ 0 ∈ fst ` set (snd fctrs)"
by (force simp: interp_factorization_def case_prod_unfold coeff_0_prod_list o_def
coeff_0_power prod_list_zero_iff simp del: power_Suc)
lemma reflect_factorization:
assumes "coeff p 0 ≠ (0::'a::idom)"
assumes "is_factorization_of fctrs p"
shows "is_alt_factorization_of fctrs (reflect_poly p)"
using assms by (force simp: interp_factorization_reflect is_factorization_of_def
is_alt_factorization_of_def coeff_0_interp_factorization)
lemma reflect_factorization':
assumes "coeff p 0 ≠ (0::'a::idom)"
assumes "is_alt_factorization_of fctrs p"
shows "is_factorization_of fctrs (reflect_poly p)"
using assms by (force simp: interp_alt_factorization_reflect is_factorization_of_def
is_alt_factorization_of_def coeff_0_interp_factorization)
lemma zero_in_factorization_iff:
assumes "is_factorization_of fctrs p"
shows "coeff p 0 = 0 ⟷ p = 0 ∨ (0::'a::idom) ∈ fst ` set (snd fctrs)"
proof (cases "p = 0")
assume "p ≠ 0"
with assms have [simp]: "fst fctrs ≠ 0"
by (auto simp: is_factorization_of_def interp_factorization_def case_prod_unfold)
from assms have "p = interp_factorization fctrs" by (simp add: is_factorization_of_def)
also have "coeff … 0 = 0 ⟷ 0 ∈ fst ` set (snd fctrs)"
by (force simp add: interp_factorization_def case_prod_unfold coeff_0_prod_list
prod_list_zero_iff o_def coeff_0_power)
finally show ?thesis using ‹p ≠ 0› by blast
next
assume p: "p = 0"
with assms have "interp_factorization fctrs = 0" by (simp add: is_factorization_of_def)
also have "interp_factorization fctrs = 0 ⟷
fst fctrs = 0 ∨ (∏(c,n)←snd fctrs. [:-c,1:]^Suc n) = 0"
by (simp add: interp_factorization_def case_prod_unfold)
also have "(∏(c,n)←snd fctrs. [:-c,1:]^Suc n) = 0 ⟷ False"
by (auto simp: prod_list_zero_iff simp del: power_Suc)
finally show ?thesis by (simp add: ‹p = 0›)
qed
lemma poly_prod_list [simp]: "poly (prod_list ps) x = prod_list (map (λp. poly p x) ps)"
by (induction ps) auto
lemma is_factorization_of_roots:
fixes a :: "'a :: idom"
assumes "is_factorization_of (a, fctrs) p" "p ≠ 0"
shows "set (map fst fctrs) = {x. poly p x = 0}"
using assms
by (force simp: is_factorization_of_def interp_factorization_def o_def
case_prod_unfold prod_list_zero_iff simp del: power_Suc)
lemma (in monoid_mult) prod_list_prod_nth: "prod_list xs = (∏i<length xs. xs ! i)"
by (induction xs) (auto simp: prod.lessThan_Suc_shift simp del: prod.lessThan_Suc)
lemma order_prod:
assumes "⋀x. x ∈ A ⟹ f x ≠ 0"
assumes "⋀x y. x ∈ A ⟹ y ∈ A ⟹ x ≠ y ⟹ coprime (f x) (f y)"
shows "order c (prod f A) = (∑x∈A. order c (f x))"
using assms
proof (induction A rule: infinite_finite_induct)
case (insert x A)
from insert.hyps have "order c (prod f (insert x A)) = order c (f x * prod f A)"
by simp
also have "… = order c (f x) + order c (prod f A)"
using insert.prems and insert.hyps by (intro order_mult) auto
also have "order c (prod f A) = (∑x∈A. order c (f x))"
using insert.prems and insert.hyps by (intro insert.IH) auto
finally show ?case using insert.hyps by simp
qed auto
lemma is_factorization_of_order:
fixes p :: "'a :: field_gcd poly"
assumes "p ≠ 0"
assumes "is_factorization_of (a, fctrs) p"
assumes "(c, n) ∈ set fctrs"
shows "order c p = Suc n"
proof -
from assms have distinct: "distinct (map fst (fctrs))"
by (simp add: is_factorization_of_def)
from assms have [simp]: "a ≠ 0"
by (auto simp: is_factorization_of_def interp_factorization_def)
from assms(2) have "p = interp_factorization (a, fctrs)"
unfolding is_factorization_of_def by simp
also have "order c … = order c (∏(c,n)←fctrs. [:-c, 1:] ^ Suc n)"
unfolding interp_factorization_def by (simp add: order_smult)
also have "(∏(c,n)←fctrs. [:-c, 1:] ^ Suc n) =
(∏i∈{..<length fctrs}. [:-fst (fctrs ! i), 1:] ^ Suc (snd (fctrs ! i)))"
by (simp add: prod_list_prod_nth case_prod_unfold)
also have "order c … =
(∑x<length fctrs. order c ([:- fst (fctrs ! x), 1:] ^ Suc (snd (fctrs ! x))))"
proof (rule order_prod)
fix i
assume "i ∈ {..<length fctrs}"
then show "[:- fst (fctrs ! i), 1:] ^ Suc (snd (fctrs ! i)) ≠ 0"
by (simp only: power_eq_0_iff) simp
next
fix i j :: nat
assume "i ≠ j" "i ∈ {..<length fctrs}" "j ∈ {..<length fctrs}"
then have "fst (fctrs ! i) ≠ fst (fctrs ! j)"
using nth_eq_iff_index_eq [OF distinct, of i j] by simp
then show "coprime ([:- fst (fctrs ! i), 1:] ^ Suc (snd (fctrs ! i)))
([:- fst (fctrs ! j), 1:] ^ Suc (snd (fctrs ! j)))"
by (simp only: coprime_power_left_iff coprime_power_right_iff)
(auto simp add: coprime_linear_poly)
qed
also have "… = (∑(c',n')←fctrs. order c ([:-c', 1:] ^ Suc n'))"
by (simp add: sum_list_sum_nth case_prod_unfold atLeast0LessThan)
also have "… = (∑(c',n')←fctrs. if c = c' then Suc n' else 0)"
by (intro arg_cong[OF map_cong]) (auto simp add: order_power_n_n order_0I simp del: power_Suc)
also have "… = (∑x←fctrs. if x = (c, n) then Suc (snd x) else 0)"
using distinct assms by (intro arg_cong[OF map_cong]) (force simp: distinct_map inj_on_def)+
also from distinct have "… = (∑x∈set fctrs. if x = (c, n) then Suc (snd x) else 0)"
by (intro sum_list_distinct_conv_sum_set) (simp_all add: distinct_map)
also from assms have "… = Suc n" by simp
finally show ?thesis .
qed
text ‹
For complex polynomials, a factorisation in the above sense always exists.
›
lemma complex_factorization_exists:
"∃fctrs. is_factorization_of fctrs (p :: complex poly)"
proof (cases "p = 0")
case True
thus ?thesis
by (intro exI[of _ "(0, [])"]) (auto simp: is_factorization_of_def interp_factorization_def)
next
case False
hence "∃xs. set xs = {x. poly p x = 0} ∧ distinct xs"
by (intro finite_distinct_list poly_roots_finite)
then obtain xs where [simp]: "set xs = {x. poly p x = 0}" "distinct xs" by blast
have "interp_factorization (lead_coeff p, map (λx. (x, order x p - 1)) xs) =
smult (lead_coeff p) (∏x←xs. [:- x, 1:] ^ Suc (order x p - 1))"
by (simp add: interp_factorization_def o_def)
also have "(∏x←xs. [:- x, 1:] ^ Suc (order x p - 1)) =
(∏x|poly p x = 0. [:- x, 1:] ^ Suc (order x p - 1))"
by (subst prod.distinct_set_conv_list [symmetric]) simp_all
also have "… = (∏x|poly p x = 0. [:- x, 1:] ^ order x p)"
proof (intro prod.cong refl, goal_cases)
case (1 x)
with False have "order x p ≠ 0" by (subst (asm) order_root) auto
hence *: "Suc (order x p - 1) = order x p" by simp
show ?case by (simp only: *)
qed
also have "smult (lead_coeff p) … = p"
by (rule complex_poly_decompose)
finally have "is_factorization_of (lead_coeff p, map (λx. (x, order x p - 1)) xs) p"
by (auto simp: is_factorization_of_def o_def)
thus ?thesis ..
qed
text ‹
By reflecting the polynomial, this means that for complex polynomials with non-zero
constant coefficient, the alternative factorisation also exists.
›
corollary complex_alt_factorization_exists:
assumes "coeff p 0 ≠ 0"
shows "∃fctrs. is_alt_factorization_of fctrs (p :: complex poly)"
proof -
from assms have "coeff (reflect_poly p) 0 ≠ 0"
by auto
moreover from complex_factorization_exists [of "reflect_poly p"]
obtain fctrs where "is_factorization_of fctrs (reflect_poly p)" ..
ultimately have "is_alt_factorization_of fctrs (reflect_poly (reflect_poly p))"
by (rule reflect_factorization)
also from assms have "reflect_poly (reflect_poly p) = p"
by simp
finally show ?thesis ..
qed
end