Theory Poly_Mod
section ‹Polynomials in Rings and Fields›
subsection ‹Polynomials in Rings›
text ‹We use a locale to work with polynomials in some integer-modulo ring.›
theory Poly_Mod
imports
"HOL-Computational_Algebra.Primes"
Polynomial_Factorization.Square_Free_Factorization
Unique_Factorization_Poly
begin
locale poly_mod = fixes m :: "int"
begin
definition M :: "int ⇒ int" where "M x = x mod m"
lemma M_0[simp]: "M 0 = 0"
by (auto simp add: M_def)
lemma M_M[simp]: "M (M x) = M x"
by (auto simp add: M_def)
lemma M_plus[simp]: "M (M x + y) = M (x + y)" "M (x + M y) = M (x + y)"
by (auto simp add: M_def mod_simps)
lemma M_minus[simp]: "M (M x - y) = M (x - y)" "M (x - M y) = M (x - y)"
by (auto simp add: M_def mod_simps)
lemma M_times[simp]: "M (M x * y) = M (x * y)" "M (x * M y) = M (x * y)"
by (auto simp add: M_def mod_simps)
lemma M_sum: "M (sum (λ x. M (f x)) A) = M (sum f A)"
proof (induct A rule: infinite_finite_induct)
case (insert x A)
from insert(1-2) have "M (∑x∈insert x A. M (f x)) = M (f x + M ((∑x∈A. M (f x))))" by simp
also have "M ((∑x∈A. M (f x))) = M ((∑x∈A. f x))" using insert by simp
finally show ?case using insert by simp
qed auto
definition inv_M :: "int ⇒ int" where
"inv_M = (λ x. if x + x ≤ m then x else x - m)"
lemma M_inv_M_id[simp]: "M (inv_M x) = M x"
unfolding inv_M_def M_def by simp
definition Mp :: "int poly ⇒ int poly" where "Mp = map_poly M"
lemma Mp_0[simp]: "Mp 0 = 0" unfolding Mp_def by auto
lemma Mp_coeff: "coeff (Mp f) i = M (coeff f i)" unfolding Mp_def
by (simp add: M_def coeff_map_poly)
abbreviation eq_m :: "int poly ⇒ int poly ⇒ bool" (infixl ‹=m› 50) where
"f =m g ≡ (Mp f = Mp g)"
notation eq_m (infixl ‹=m› 50)
abbreviation degree_m :: "int poly ⇒ nat" where
"degree_m f ≡ degree (Mp f)"
lemma mult_Mp[simp]: "Mp (Mp f * g) = Mp (f * g)" "Mp (f * Mp g) = Mp (f * g)"
proof -
{
fix f g
have "Mp (Mp f * g) = Mp (f * g)"
unfolding poly_eq_iff Mp_coeff unfolding coeff_mult Mp_coeff
proof
fix n
show "M (∑i≤n. M (coeff f i) * coeff g (n - i)) = M (∑i≤n. coeff f i * coeff g (n - i))"
by (subst M_sum[symmetric], rule sym, subst M_sum[symmetric], unfold M_times, simp)
qed
}
from this[of f g] this[of g f] show "Mp (Mp f * g) = Mp (f * g)" "Mp (f * Mp g) = Mp (f * g)"
by (auto simp: ac_simps)
qed
lemma plus_Mp[simp]: "Mp (Mp f + g) = Mp (f + g)" "Mp (f + Mp g) = Mp (f + g)"
unfolding poly_eq_iff Mp_coeff unfolding coeff_mult Mp_coeff by (auto simp add: Mp_coeff)
lemma minus_Mp[simp]: "Mp (Mp f - g) = Mp (f - g)" "Mp (f - Mp g) = Mp (f - g)"
unfolding poly_eq_iff Mp_coeff unfolding coeff_mult Mp_coeff by (auto simp add: Mp_coeff)
lemma Mp_smult[simp]: "Mp (smult (M a) f) = Mp (smult a f)" "Mp (smult a (Mp f)) = Mp (smult a f)"
unfolding Mp_def smult_as_map_poly
by (rule poly_eqI, auto simp: coeff_map_poly)+
lemma Mp_Mp[simp]: "Mp (Mp f) = Mp f" unfolding Mp_def
by (intro poly_eqI, auto simp: coeff_map_poly)
lemma Mp_smult_m_0[simp]: "Mp (smult m f) = 0"
by (intro poly_eqI, auto simp: Mp_coeff, auto simp: M_def)
definition dvdm :: "int poly ⇒ int poly ⇒ bool" (infix ‹dvdm› 50) where
"f dvdm g = (∃ h. g =m f * h)"
notation dvdm (infix ‹dvdm› 50)
lemma dvdmE:
assumes fg: "f dvdm g"
and main: "⋀h. g =m f * h ⟹ Mp h = h ⟹ thesis"
shows "thesis"
proof-
from fg obtain h where "g =m f * h" by (auto simp: dvdm_def)
then have "g =m f * Mp h" by auto
from main[OF this] show thesis by auto
qed
lemma Mp_dvdm[simp]: "Mp f dvdm g ⟷ f dvdm g"
and dvdm_Mp[simp]: "f dvdm Mp g ⟷ f dvdm g" by (auto simp: dvdm_def)
definition irreducible_m
where "irreducible_m f = (¬f =m 0 ∧ ¬ f dvdm 1 ∧ (∀a b. f =m a * b ⟶ a dvdm 1 ∨ b dvdm 1))"
definition irreducible⇩d_m :: "int poly ⇒ bool" where "irreducible⇩d_m f ≡
degree_m f > 0 ∧
(∀ g h. degree_m g < degree_m f ⟶ degree_m h < degree_m f ⟶ ¬ f =m g * h)"
definition prime_elem_m
where "prime_elem_m f ≡ ¬ f =m 0 ∧ ¬ f dvdm 1 ∧ (∀g h. f dvdm g * h ⟶ f dvdm g ∨ f dvdm h)"
lemma degree_m_le_degree [intro!]: "degree_m f ≤ degree f"
by (simp add: Mp_def degree_map_poly_le)
lemma irreducible⇩d_mI:
assumes f0: "degree_m f > 0"
and main: "⋀g h. Mp g = g ⟹ Mp h = h ⟹ degree g > 0 ⟹ degree g < degree_m f ⟹ degree h > 0 ⟹ degree h < degree_m f ⟹ f =m g * h ⟹ False"
shows "irreducible⇩d_m f"
proof (unfold irreducible⇩d_m_def, intro conjI allI impI f0 notI)
fix g h
assume deg: "degree_m g < degree_m f" "degree_m h < degree_m f" and "f =m g * h"
then have f: "f =m Mp g * Mp h" by simp
have "degree_m f ≤ degree_m g + degree_m h"
unfolding f using degree_mult_le order.trans by blast
with main[of "Mp g" "Mp h"] deg f show False by auto
qed
lemma irreducible⇩d_mE:
assumes "irreducible⇩d_m f"
and "degree_m f > 0 ⟹ (⋀g h. degree_m g < degree_m f ⟹ degree_m h < degree_m f ⟹ ¬ f =m g * h) ⟹ thesis"
shows thesis
using assms by (unfold irreducible⇩d_m_def, auto)
lemma irreducible⇩d_mD:
assumes "irreducible⇩d_m f"
shows "degree_m f > 0" and "⋀g h. degree_m g < degree_m f ⟹ degree_m h < degree_m f ⟹ ¬ f =m g * h"
using assms by (auto elim: irreducible⇩d_mE)
definition square_free_m :: "int poly ⇒ bool" where
"square_free_m f = (¬ f =m 0 ∧ (∀ g. degree_m g ≠ 0 ⟶ ¬ (g * g dvdm f)))"
definition coprime_m :: "int poly ⇒ int poly ⇒ bool" where
"coprime_m f g = (∀ h. h dvdm f ⟶ h dvdm g ⟶ h dvdm 1)"
lemma Mp_square_free_m[simp]: "square_free_m (Mp f) = square_free_m f"
unfolding square_free_m_def dvdm_def by simp
lemma square_free_m_cong: "square_free_m f ⟹ Mp f = Mp g ⟹ square_free_m g"
unfolding square_free_m_def dvdm_def by simp
lemma Mp_prod_mset[simp]: "Mp (prod_mset (image_mset Mp b)) = Mp (prod_mset b)"
proof (induct b)
case (add x b)
have "Mp (prod_mset (image_mset Mp ({#x#}+b))) = Mp (Mp x * prod_mset (image_mset Mp b))" by simp
also have "… = Mp (Mp x * Mp (prod_mset (image_mset Mp b)))" by simp
also have "… = Mp ( Mp x * Mp (prod_mset b))" unfolding add by simp
finally show ?case by simp
qed simp
lemma Mp_prod_list: "Mp (prod_list (map Mp b)) = Mp (prod_list b)"
proof (induct b)
case (Cons b xs)
have "Mp (prod_list (map Mp (b # xs))) = Mp (Mp b * prod_list (map Mp xs))" by simp
also have "… = Mp (Mp b * Mp (prod_list (map Mp xs)))" by simp
also have "… = Mp (Mp b * Mp (prod_list xs))" unfolding Cons by simp
finally show ?case by simp
qed simp
text ‹Polynomial evaluation modulo›
definition "M_poly p x ≡ M (poly p x)"
lemma M_poly_Mp[simp]: "M_poly (Mp p) = M_poly p"
proof(intro ext, induct p)
case 0 show ?case by auto
next
case IH: (pCons a p)
from IH(1) have "M_poly (Mp (pCons a p)) x = M (a + M(x * M_poly (Mp p) x))"
by (simp add: M_poly_def Mp_def)
also note IH(2)[of x]
finally show ?case by (simp add: M_poly_def)
qed
lemma Mp_lift_modulus: assumes "f =m g"
shows "poly_mod.eq_m (m * k) (smult k f) (smult k g)"
using assms unfolding poly_eq_iff poly_mod.Mp_coeff coeff_smult
unfolding poly_mod.M_def by simp
lemma Mp_ident_product: "n > 0 ⟹ Mp f = f ⟹ poly_mod.Mp (m * n) f = f"
unfolding poly_eq_iff poly_mod.Mp_coeff poly_mod.M_def
by (auto simp add: zmod_zmult2_eq) (metis mod_div_trivial mod_0)
lemma Mp_shrink_modulus: assumes "poly_mod.eq_m (m * k) f g" "k ≠ 0"
shows "f =m g"
proof -
from assms have a: "⋀ n. coeff f n mod (m * k) = coeff g n mod (m * k)"
unfolding poly_eq_iff poly_mod.Mp_coeff unfolding poly_mod.M_def by auto
show ?thesis unfolding poly_eq_iff poly_mod.Mp_coeff unfolding poly_mod.M_def
proof
fix n
show "coeff f n mod m = coeff g n mod m" using a[of n] ‹k ≠ 0›
by (metis mod_mult_right_eq mult.commute mult_cancel_left mult_mod_right)
qed
qed
lemma degree_m_le: "degree_m f ≤ degree f" unfolding Mp_def by (rule degree_map_poly_le)
lemma degree_m_eq: "coeff f (degree f) mod m ≠ 0 ⟹ m > 1 ⟹ degree_m f = degree f"
using degree_m_le[of f] unfolding Mp_def
by (auto intro: degree_map_poly simp: Mp_def poly_mod.M_def)
lemma degree_m_mult_le:
assumes eq: "f =m g * h"
shows "degree_m f ≤ degree_m g + degree_m h"
proof -
have "degree_m f = degree_m (Mp g * Mp h)" using eq by simp
also have "… ≤ degree (Mp g * Mp h)" by (rule degree_m_le)
also have "… ≤ degree_m g + degree_m h" by (rule degree_mult_le)
finally show ?thesis by auto
qed
lemma degree_m_smult_le: "degree_m (smult c f) ≤ degree_m f"
by (metis Mp_0 coeff_0 degree_le degree_m_le degree_smult_eq poly_mod.Mp_smult(2) smult_eq_0_iff)
lemma irreducible_m_Mp[simp]: "irreducible_m (Mp f) ⟷ irreducible_m f" by (simp add: irreducible_m_def)
lemma eq_m_irreducible_m: "f =m g ⟹ irreducible_m f ⟷ irreducible_m g"
using irreducible_m_Mp by metis
definition mset_factors_m where "mset_factors_m F p ≡
F ≠ {#} ∧ (∀f. f ∈# F ⟶ irreducible_m f) ∧ p =m prod_mset F"
end
declare poly_mod.M_def[code]
declare poly_mod.Mp_def[code]
declare poly_mod.inv_M_def[code]
definition Irr_Mon :: "'a :: comm_semiring_1 poly set"
where "Irr_Mon = {x. irreducible x ∧ monic x}"
definition factorization :: "'a :: comm_semiring_1 poly set ⇒ 'a poly ⇒ ('a × 'a poly multiset) ⇒ bool" where
"factorization Factors f cfs ≡ (case cfs of (c,fs) ⇒ f = (smult c (prod_mset fs)) ∧ (set_mset fs ⊆ Factors))"
definition unique_factorization :: "'a :: comm_semiring_1 poly set ⇒ 'a poly ⇒ ('a × 'a poly multiset) ⇒ bool" where
"unique_factorization Factors f cfs = (Collect (factorization Factors f) = {cfs})"
lemma irreducible_multD:
assumes l: "irreducible (a*b)"
shows "a dvd 1 ∧ irreducible b ∨ b dvd 1 ∧ irreducible a"
proof-
from l have "a dvd 1 ∨ b dvd 1" by auto
then show ?thesis
proof(elim disjE)
assume a: "a dvd 1"
with l have "irreducible b"
unfolding irreducible_def
by (meson is_unit_mult_iff mult.left_commute mult_not_zero)
with a show ?thesis by auto
next
assume a: "b dvd 1"
with l have "irreducible a"
unfolding irreducible_def
by (meson is_unit_mult_iff mult_not_zero semiring_normalization_rules(16))
with a show ?thesis by auto
qed
qed
lemma irreducible_dvd_prod_mset:
fixes p :: "'a :: field poly"
assumes irr: "irreducible p" and dvd: "p dvd prod_mset as"
shows "∃ a ∈# as. p dvd a"
proof -
from irr[unfolded irreducible_def] have deg: "degree p ≠ 0" by auto
hence p1: "¬ p dvd 1" unfolding dvd_def
by (metis degree_1 nonzero_mult_div_cancel_left div_poly_less linorder_neqE_nat mult_not_zero not_less0 zero_neq_one)
from dvd show ?thesis
proof (induct as)
case (add a as)
hence "prod_mset (add_mset a as) = a * prod_mset as" by auto
from add(2)[unfolded this] add(1) irr
show ?case by auto
qed (insert p1, auto)
qed
lemma monic_factorization_unique_mset:
fixes P::"'a::field poly multiset"
assumes eq: "prod_mset P = prod_mset Q"
and P: "set_mset P ⊆ {q. irreducible q ∧ monic q}"
and Q: "set_mset Q ⊆ {q. irreducible q ∧ monic q}"
shows "P = Q"
proof -
{
fix P Q :: "'a poly multiset"
assume id: "prod_mset P = prod_mset Q"
and P: "set_mset P ⊆ {q. irreducible q ∧ monic q}"
and Q: "set_mset Q ⊆ {q. irreducible q ∧ monic q}"
hence "P ⊆# Q"
proof (induct P arbitrary: Q)
case (add x P Q')
from add(3) have irr: "irreducible x" and mon: "monic x" by auto
have "∃ a ∈# Q'. x dvd a"
proof (rule irreducible_dvd_prod_mset[OF irr])
show "x dvd prod_mset Q'" unfolding add(2)[symmetric] by simp
qed
then obtain y Q where Q': "Q' = add_mset y Q" and xy: "x dvd y" by (meson mset_add)
from add(4) Q' have irr': "irreducible y" and mon': "monic y" by auto
have "x = y" using irr irr' xy mon mon'
by (metis irreducibleD' irreducible_not_unit poly_dvd_antisym)
hence Q': "Q' = Q + {#x#}" using Q' by auto
from mon have x0: "x ≠ 0" by auto
from arg_cong[OF add(2)[unfolded Q'], of "λ z. z div x"]
have eq: "prod_mset P = prod_mset Q" using x0 by auto
from add(3-4)[unfolded Q']
have "set_mset P ⊆ {q. irreducible q ∧ monic q}" "set_mset Q ⊆ {q. irreducible q ∧ monic q}"
by auto
from add(1)[OF eq this] show ?case unfolding Q' by auto
qed auto
}
from this[OF eq P Q] this[OF eq[symmetric] Q P]
show ?thesis by auto
qed
lemma exactly_one_monic_factorization:
assumes mon: "monic (f :: 'a :: field poly)"
shows "∃! fs. f = prod_mset fs ∧ set_mset fs ⊆ {q. irreducible q ∧ monic q}"
proof -
from monic_irreducible_factorization[OF mon]
obtain gs g where fin: "finite gs" and f: "f = (∏a∈gs. a ^ Suc (g a))"
and gs: "gs ⊆ {q. irreducible q ∧ monic q}"
by blast
from fin
have "∃ fs. set_mset fs ⊆ gs ∧ prod_mset fs = (∏a∈gs. a ^ Suc (g a))"
proof (induct gs)
case (insert a gs)
from insert(3) obtain fs where *: "set_mset fs ⊆ gs" "prod_mset fs = (∏a∈gs. a ^ Suc (g a))" by auto
let ?fs = "fs + replicate_mset (Suc (g a)) a"
show ?case
proof (rule exI[of _ "fs + replicate_mset (Suc (g a)) a"], intro conjI)
show "set_mset ?fs ⊆ insert a gs" using *(1) by auto
show "prod_mset ?fs = (∏a∈insert a gs. a ^ Suc (g a))"
by (subst prod.insert[OF insert(1-2)], auto simp: *(2))
qed
qed simp
then obtain fs where "set_mset fs ⊆ gs" "prod_mset fs = (∏a∈gs. a ^ Suc (g a))" by auto
with gs f have ex: "∃fs. f = prod_mset fs ∧ set_mset fs ⊆ {q. irreducible q ∧ monic q}"
by (intro exI[of _ fs], auto)
thus ?thesis using monic_factorization_unique_mset by blast
qed
lemma monic_prod_mset:
fixes as :: "'a :: idom poly multiset"
assumes "⋀ a. a ∈ set_mset as ⟹ monic a"
shows "monic (prod_mset as)" using assms
by (induct as, auto intro: monic_mult)
lemma exactly_one_factorization:
assumes f: "f ≠ (0 :: 'a :: field poly)"
shows "∃! cfs. factorization Irr_Mon f cfs"
proof -
let ?a = "coeff f (degree f)"
let ?b = "inverse ?a"
let ?g = "smult ?b f"
define g where "g = ?g"
from f have a: "?a ≠ 0" "?b ≠ 0" by (auto simp: field_simps)
hence "monic g" unfolding g_def by simp
note ex1 = exactly_one_monic_factorization[OF this, folded Irr_Mon_def]
then obtain fs where g: "g = prod_mset fs" "set_mset fs ⊆ Irr_Mon" by auto
let ?cfs = "(?a,fs)"
have cfs: "factorization Irr_Mon f ?cfs" unfolding factorization_def split g(1)[symmetric]
using g(2) unfolding g_def by (simp add: a field_simps)
show ?thesis
proof (rule, rule cfs)
fix dgs
assume fact: "factorization Irr_Mon f dgs"
obtain d gs where dgs: "dgs = (d,gs)" by force
from fact[unfolded factorization_def dgs split]
have fd: "f = smult d (prod_mset gs)" and gs: "set_mset gs ⊆ Irr_Mon" by auto
have "monic (prod_mset gs)" by (rule monic_prod_mset, insert gs[unfolded Irr_Mon_def], auto)
hence d: "d = ?a" unfolding fd by auto
from arg_cong[OF fd, of "λ x. smult ?b x", unfolded d g_def[symmetric]]
have "g = prod_mset gs" using a by (simp add: field_simps)
with ex1 g gs have "gs = fs" by auto
thus "dgs = ?cfs" unfolding dgs d by auto
qed
qed
lemma mod_ident_iff:
‹(x :: int) mod m = x ⟷ x ∈ {0 ..< m}›
if ‹m > 0›
proof -
from that pos_mod_bound [of m x] pos_mod_sign [of m x] have ‹0 ≤ x mod m› ‹x mod m < m›
by simp_all
with that show ?thesis by auto
qed
declare prod_mset_prod_list[simp]
lemma mult_1_is_id[simp]: "(*) (1 :: 'a :: ring_1) = id" by auto
context poly_mod
begin
lemma degree_m_eq_monic: "monic f ⟹ m > 1 ⟹ degree_m f = degree f"
by (rule degree_m_eq) auto
lemma monic_degree_m_lift: assumes "monic f" "k > 1" "m > 1"
shows "monic (poly_mod.Mp (m * k) f)"
proof -
have deg: "degree (poly_mod.Mp (m * k) f) = degree f"
by (rule poly_mod.degree_m_eq_monic[of f "m * k"], insert assms, auto simp: less_1_mult)
show ?thesis unfolding poly_mod.Mp_coeff deg assms poly_mod.M_def using assms(2-)
by (simp add: less_1_mult)
qed
end
locale poly_mod_2 = poly_mod m for m +
assumes m1: "m > 1"
begin
lemma M_1[simp]: "M 1 = 1" unfolding M_def using m1
by auto
lemma Mp_1[simp]: "Mp 1 = 1" unfolding Mp_def by simp
lemma monic_degree_m[simp]: "monic f ⟹ degree_m f = degree f"
using degree_m_eq_monic[of f] using m1 by auto
lemma monic_Mp: "monic f ⟹ monic (Mp f)"
by (auto simp: Mp_coeff)
lemma Mp_0_smult_sdiv_poly: assumes "Mp f = 0"
shows "smult m (sdiv_poly f m) = f"
proof (intro poly_eqI, unfold Mp_coeff coeff_smult sdiv_poly_def, subst coeff_map_poly, force)
fix n
from assms have "coeff (Mp f) n = 0" by simp
hence 0: "coeff f n mod m = 0" unfolding Mp_coeff M_def .
thus "m * (coeff f n div m) = coeff f n" by auto
qed
lemma Mp_product_modulus: "m' = m * k ⟹ k > 0 ⟹ Mp (poly_mod.Mp m' f) = Mp f"
by (intro poly_eqI, unfold poly_mod.Mp_coeff poly_mod.M_def, auto simp: mod_mod_cancel)
lemma inv_M_rev: assumes bnd: "2 * abs c < m"
shows "inv_M (M c) = c"
proof (cases "c ≥ 0")
case True
with bnd show ?thesis unfolding M_def inv_M_def by auto
next
case False
have 2: "⋀ v :: int. 2 * v = v + v" by auto
from False have c: "c < 0" by auto
from bnd c have "c + m > 0" "c + m < m" by auto
with c have cm: "c mod m = c + m"
by (metis le_less mod_add_self2 mod_pos_pos_trivial)
from c bnd have "2 * (c mod m) > m" unfolding cm by auto
with bnd c show ?thesis unfolding M_def inv_M_def cm by auto
qed
end
lemma (in poly_mod) degree_m_eq_prime:
assumes f0: "Mp f ≠ 0"
and deg: "degree_m f = degree f"
and eq: "f =m g * h"
and p: "prime m"
shows "degree_m f = degree_m g + degree_m h"
proof -
interpret poly_mod_2 m using prime_ge_2_int[OF p] unfolding poly_mod_2_def by simp
from f0 eq have "Mp (Mp g * Mp h) ≠ 0" by auto
hence "Mp g * Mp h ≠ 0" using Mp_0 by (cases "Mp g * Mp h", auto)
hence g0: "Mp g ≠ 0" and h0: "Mp h ≠ 0" by auto
have "degree (Mp (g * h)) = degree_m (Mp g * Mp h)" by simp
also have "… = degree (Mp g * Mp h)"
proof (rule degree_m_eq[OF _ m1], rule)
have id: "⋀ g. coeff (Mp g) (degree (Mp g)) mod m = coeff (Mp g) (degree (Mp g))"
unfolding M_def[symmetric] Mp_coeff by simp
from p have p': "prime m" unfolding prime_int_nat_transfer unfolding prime_nat_iff by auto
assume "coeff (Mp g * Mp h) (degree (Mp g * Mp h)) mod m = 0"
from this[unfolded coeff_degree_mult]
have "coeff (Mp g) (degree (Mp g)) mod m = 0 ∨ coeff (Mp h) (degree (Mp h)) mod m = 0"
unfolding dvd_eq_mod_eq_0[symmetric] using m1 prime_dvd_mult_int[OF p'] by auto
with g0 h0 show False unfolding id by auto
qed
also have "… = degree (Mp g) + degree (Mp h)"
by (rule degree_mult_eq[OF g0 h0])
finally show ?thesis using eq by simp
qed
lemma monic_smult_add_small: assumes "f = 0 ∨ degree f < degree g" and mon: "monic g"
shows "monic (g + smult q f)"
proof (cases "f = 0")
case True
thus ?thesis using mon by auto
next
case False
with assms have "degree f < degree g" by auto
hence "degree (smult q f) < degree g" by (meson degree_smult_le not_less order_trans)
thus ?thesis using mon using coeff_eq_0 degree_add_eq_left by fastforce
qed
context poly_mod
begin
definition factorization_m :: "int poly ⇒ (int × int poly multiset) ⇒ bool" where
"factorization_m f cfs ≡ (case cfs of (c,fs) ⇒ f =m (smult c (prod_mset fs)) ∧
(∀ f ∈ set_mset fs. irreducible⇩d_m f ∧ monic (Mp f)))"
definition Mf :: "int × int poly multiset ⇒ int × int poly multiset" where
"Mf cfs ≡ case cfs of (c,fs) ⇒ (M c, image_mset Mp fs)"
lemma Mf_Mf[simp]: "Mf (Mf x) = Mf x"
proof (cases x, auto simp: Mf_def, goal_cases)
case (1 c fs)
show ?case by (induct fs, auto)
qed
definition equivalent_fact_m :: "int × int poly multiset ⇒ int × int poly multiset ⇒ bool" where
"equivalent_fact_m cfs dgs = (Mf cfs = Mf dgs)"
definition unique_factorization_m :: "int poly ⇒ (int × int poly multiset) ⇒ bool" where
"unique_factorization_m f cfs = (Mf ` Collect (factorization_m f) = {Mf cfs})"
lemma Mp_irreducible⇩d_m[simp]: "irreducible⇩d_m (Mp f) = irreducible⇩d_m f"
unfolding irreducible⇩d_m_def dvdm_def by simp
lemma Mf_factorization_m[simp]: "factorization_m f (Mf cfs) = factorization_m f cfs"
unfolding factorization_m_def Mf_def
proof (cases cfs, simp, goal_cases)
case (1 c fs)
have "Mp (smult c (prod_mset fs)) = Mp (smult (M c) (Mp (prod_mset fs)))" by simp
also have "… = Mp (smult (M c) (Mp (prod_mset (image_mset Mp fs))))"
unfolding Mp_prod_mset by simp
also have "… = Mp (smult (M c) (prod_mset (image_mset Mp fs)))" unfolding Mp_smult ..
finally show ?case by auto
qed
lemma unique_factorization_m_imp_factorization: assumes "unique_factorization_m f cfs"
shows "factorization_m f cfs"
proof -
from assms[unfolded unique_factorization_m_def] obtain dfs where
fact: "factorization_m f dfs" and id: "Mf cfs = Mf dfs" by blast
from fact have "factorization_m f (Mf dfs)" by simp
from this[folded id] show ?thesis by simp
qed
lemma unique_factorization_m_alt_def: "unique_factorization_m f cfs = (factorization_m f cfs
∧ (∀ dgs. factorization_m f dgs ⟶ Mf dgs = Mf cfs))"
using unique_factorization_m_imp_factorization[of f cfs]
unfolding unique_factorization_m_def by auto
end
context poly_mod_2
begin
lemma factorization_m_lead_coeff: assumes "factorization_m f (c,fs)"
shows "lead_coeff (Mp f) = M c"
proof -
note * = assms[unfolded factorization_m_def split]
have "monic (prod_mset (image_mset Mp fs))" by (rule monic_prod_mset, insert *, auto)
hence "monic (Mp (prod_mset (image_mset Mp fs)))" by (rule monic_Mp)
from this[unfolded Mp_prod_mset] have monic: "monic (Mp (prod_mset fs))" by simp
from * have "lead_coeff (Mp f) = lead_coeff (Mp (smult c (prod_mset fs)))" by simp
also have "Mp (smult c (prod_mset fs)) = Mp (smult (M c) (Mp (prod_mset fs)))" by simp
finally show ?thesis
using monic ‹smult c (prod_mset fs) =m smult (M c) (Mp (prod_mset fs))›
by (metis M_M M_def Mp_0 Mp_coeff lead_coeff_smult m1 mult_cancel_left2 poly_mod.degree_m_eq smult_eq_0_iff)
qed
lemma factorization_m_smult: assumes "factorization_m f (c,fs)"
shows "factorization_m (smult d f) (c * d,fs)"
proof -
note * = assms[unfolded factorization_m_def split]
from * have f: "Mp f = Mp (smult c (prod_mset fs))" by simp
have "Mp (smult d f) = Mp (smult d (Mp f))" by simp
also have "… = Mp (smult (c * d) (prod_mset fs))" unfolding f by (simp add: ac_simps)
finally show ?thesis using assms
unfolding factorization_m_def split by auto
qed
lemma factorization_m_prod: assumes "factorization_m f (c,fs)" "factorization_m g (d,gs)"
shows "factorization_m (f * g) (c * d, fs + gs)"
proof -
note * = assms[unfolded factorization_m_def split]
have "Mp (f * g) = Mp (Mp f * Mp g)" by simp
also have "Mp f = Mp (smult c (prod_mset fs))" using * by simp
also have "Mp g = Mp (smult d (prod_mset gs))" using * by simp
finally have "Mp (f * g) = Mp (smult (c * d) (prod_mset (fs + gs)))" unfolding mult_Mp
by (simp add: ac_simps)
with * show ?thesis unfolding factorization_m_def split by auto
qed
lemma Mp_factorization_m[simp]: "factorization_m (Mp f) cfs = factorization_m f cfs"
unfolding factorization_m_def by simp
lemma Mp_unique_factorization_m[simp]:
"unique_factorization_m (Mp f) cfs = unique_factorization_m f cfs"
unfolding unique_factorization_m_alt_def by simp
lemma unique_factorization_m_cong: "unique_factorization_m f cfs ⟹ Mp f = Mp g
⟹ unique_factorization_m g cfs"
unfolding Mp_unique_factorization_m[of f, symmetric] by simp
lemma unique_factorization_mI: assumes "factorization_m f (c,fs)"
and "⋀ d gs. factorization_m f (d,gs) ⟹ Mf (d,gs) = Mf (c,fs)"
shows "unique_factorization_m f (c,fs)"
unfolding unique_factorization_m_alt_def
by (intro conjI[OF assms(1)] allI impI, insert assms(2), auto)
lemma unique_factorization_m_smult: assumes uf: "unique_factorization_m f (c,fs)"
and d: "M (di * d) = 1"
shows "unique_factorization_m (smult d f) (c * d,fs)"
proof (rule unique_factorization_mI[OF factorization_m_smult])
show "factorization_m f (c, fs)" using uf[unfolded unique_factorization_m_alt_def] by auto
fix e gs
assume fact: "factorization_m (smult d f) (e,gs)"
from factorization_m_smult[OF this, of di]
have "factorization_m (Mp (smult di (smult d f))) (e * di, gs)" by simp
also have "Mp (smult di (smult d f)) = Mp (smult (M (di * d)) f)" by simp
also have "… = Mp f" unfolding d by simp
finally have fact: "factorization_m f (e * di, gs)" by simp
with uf[unfolded unique_factorization_m_alt_def] have eq: "Mf (e * di, gs) = Mf (c, fs)" by blast
from eq[unfolded Mf_def] have "M (e * di) = M c" by simp
from arg_cong[OF this, of "λ x. M (x * d)"]
have "M (e * M (di * d)) = M (c * d)" by (simp add: ac_simps)
from this[unfolded d] have e: "M e = M (c * d)" by simp
with eq
show "Mf (e,gs) = Mf (c * d, fs)" unfolding Mf_def split by simp
qed
lemma unique_factorization_m_smultD: assumes uf: "unique_factorization_m (smult d f) (c,fs)"
and d: "M (di * d) = 1"
shows "unique_factorization_m f (c * di,fs)"
proof -
from d have d': "M (d * di) = 1" by (simp add: ac_simps)
show ?thesis
proof (rule unique_factorization_m_cong[OF unique_factorization_m_smult[OF uf d']],
rule poly_eqI, unfold Mp_coeff coeff_smult)
fix n
have "M (di * (d * coeff f n)) = M (M (di * d) * coeff f n)" by (auto simp: ac_simps)
from this[unfolded d] show "M (di * (d * coeff f n)) = M (coeff f n)" by simp
qed
qed
lemma degree_m_eq_lead_coeff: "degree_m f = degree f ⟹ lead_coeff (Mp f) = M (lead_coeff f)"
by (simp add: Mp_coeff)
lemma unique_factorization_m_zero: assumes "unique_factorization_m f (c,fs)"
shows "M c ≠ 0"
proof
assume c: "M c = 0"
from unique_factorization_m_imp_factorization[OF assms]
have "Mp f = Mp (smult (M c) (prod_mset fs))" unfolding factorization_m_def split
by simp
from this[unfolded c] have f: "Mp f = 0" by simp
have "factorization_m f (0,{#})"
unfolding factorization_m_def split f by auto
moreover have "Mf (0,{#}) = (0,{#})" unfolding Mf_def by auto
ultimately have fact1: "(0, {#}) ∈ Mf ` Collect (factorization_m f)" by force
define g :: "int poly" where "g = [:0,1:]"
have mpg: "Mp g = [:0,1:]" unfolding Mp_def
by (auto simp: g_def)
{
fix g h
assume *: "degree (Mp g) = 0" "degree (Mp h) = 0" "[:0, 1:] = Mp (g * h)"
from arg_cong[OF *(3), of degree] have "1 = degree_m (Mp g * Mp h)" by simp
also have "… ≤ degree (Mp g * Mp h)" by (rule degree_m_le)
also have "… ≤ degree (Mp g) + degree (Mp h)" by (rule degree_mult_le)
also have "… ≤ 0" using * by simp
finally have False by simp
} note irr = this
have "factorization_m f (0,{# g #})"
unfolding factorization_m_def split using irr
by (auto simp: irreducible⇩d_m_def f mpg)
moreover have "Mf (0,{# g #}) = (0,{# g #})" unfolding Mf_def by (auto simp: mpg, simp add: g_def)
ultimately have fact2: "(0, {#g#}) ∈ Mf ` Collect (factorization_m f)" by force
note [simp] = assms[unfolded unique_factorization_m_def]
from fact1[simplified, folded fact2[simplified]] show False by auto
qed
end
context poly_mod
begin
lemma dvdm_smult: assumes "f dvdm g"
shows "f dvdm smult c g"
proof -
from assms[unfolded dvdm_def] obtain h where g: "g =m f * h" by auto
show ?thesis unfolding dvdm_def
proof (intro exI[of _ "smult c h"])
have "Mp (smult c g) = Mp (smult c (Mp g))" by simp
also have "Mp g = Mp (f * h)" using g by simp
finally show "Mp (smult c g) = Mp (f * smult c h)" by simp
qed
qed
lemma dvdm_factor: assumes "f dvdm g"
shows "f dvdm g * h"
proof -
from assms[unfolded dvdm_def] obtain k where g: "g =m f * k" by auto
show ?thesis unfolding dvdm_def
proof (intro exI[of _ "h * k"])
have "Mp (g * h) = Mp (Mp g * h)" by simp
also have "Mp g = Mp (f * k)" using g by simp
finally show "Mp (g * h) = Mp (f * (h * k))" by (simp add: ac_simps)
qed
qed
lemma square_free_m_smultD: assumes "square_free_m (smult c f)"
shows "square_free_m f"
unfolding square_free_m_def
proof (intro conjI allI impI)
fix g
assume "degree_m g ≠ 0"
with assms[unfolded square_free_m_def] have "¬ g * g dvdm smult c f" by auto
thus "¬ g * g dvdm f" using dvdm_smult[of "g * g" f c] by blast
next
from assms[unfolded square_free_m_def] have "¬ smult c f =m 0" by simp
thus "¬ f =m 0"
by (metis Mp_smult(2) smult_0_right)
qed
lemma square_free_m_smultI: assumes sf: "square_free_m f"
and inv: "M (ci * c) = 1"
shows "square_free_m (smult c f)"
proof -
have "square_free_m (smult ci (smult c f))"
proof (rule square_free_m_cong[OF sf], rule poly_eqI, unfold Mp_coeff coeff_smult)
fix n
have "M (ci * (c * coeff f n)) = M ( M (ci * c) * coeff f n)" by (simp add: ac_simps)
from this[unfolded inv] show "M (coeff f n) = M (ci * (c * coeff f n))" by simp
qed
from square_free_m_smultD[OF this] show ?thesis .
qed
lemma square_free_m_factor: assumes "square_free_m (f * g)"
shows "square_free_m f" "square_free_m g"
proof -
{
fix f g
assume sf: "square_free_m (f * g)"
have "square_free_m f"
unfolding square_free_m_def
proof (intro conjI allI impI)
fix h
assume "degree_m h ≠ 0"
with sf[unfolded square_free_m_def] have "¬ h * h dvdm f * g" by auto
thus "¬ h * h dvdm f" using dvdm_factor[of "h * h" f g] by blast
next
from sf[unfolded square_free_m_def] have "¬ f * g =m 0" by simp
thus "¬ f =m 0"
by (metis mult.commute mult_zero_right poly_mod.mult_Mp(2))
qed
}
from this[of f g] this[of g f] assms
show "square_free_m f" "square_free_m g" by (auto simp: ac_simps)
qed
end
context poly_mod_2
begin
lemma Mp_ident_iff: "Mp f = f ⟷ (∀ n. coeff f n ∈ {0 ..< m})"
proof -
have m0: "m > 0" using m1 by simp
show ?thesis unfolding poly_eq_iff Mp_coeff M_def mod_ident_iff[OF m0] by simp
qed
lemma Mp_ident_iff': "Mp f = f ⟷ (set (coeffs f) ⊆ {0 ..< m})"
proof -
have 0: "0 ∈ {0 ..< m}" using m1 by auto
have ran: "(∀n. coeff f n ∈ {0..<m}) ⟷ range (coeff f) ⊆ {0 ..< m}" by blast
show ?thesis unfolding Mp_ident_iff ran using range_coeff[of f] 0 by auto
qed
end
lemma Mp_Mp_pow_is_Mp: "n ≠ 0 ⟹ p > 1 ⟹ poly_mod.Mp p (poly_mod.Mp (p^n) f)
= poly_mod.Mp p f"
using poly_mod_2.Mp_product_modulus poly_mod_2_def by(subst power_eq_if, auto)
lemma M_M_pow_is_M: "n ≠ 0 ⟹ p > 1 ⟹ poly_mod.M p (poly_mod.M (p^n) f)
= poly_mod.M p f" using Mp_Mp_pow_is_Mp[of n p "[:f:]"]
by (metis coeff_pCons_0 poly_mod.Mp_coeff)
definition inverse_mod :: "int ⇒ int ⇒ int" where
"inverse_mod x m = fst (bezout_coefficients x m)"
lemma inverse_mod:
"(inverse_mod x m * x) mod m = 1"
if "coprime x m" "m > 1"
proof -
from bezout_coefficients [of x m "inverse_mod x m" "snd (bezout_coefficients x m)"]
have "inverse_mod x m * x + snd (bezout_coefficients x m) * m = gcd x m"
by (simp add: inverse_mod_def)
with that have "inverse_mod x m * x + snd (bezout_coefficients x m) * m = 1"
by simp
then have "(inverse_mod x m * x + snd (bezout_coefficients x m) * m) mod m = 1 mod m"
by simp
with ‹m > 1› show ?thesis
by simp
qed
lemma inverse_mod_pow:
"(inverse_mod x (p ^ n) * x) mod (p ^ n) = 1"
if "coprime x p" "p > 1" "n ≠ 0"
using that by (auto intro: inverse_mod)
lemma (in poly_mod) inverse_mod_coprime:
assumes p: "prime m"
and cop: "coprime x m" shows "M (inverse_mod x m * x) = 1"
unfolding M_def using inverse_mod_pow[OF cop, of 1] p
by (auto simp: prime_int_iff)
lemma (in poly_mod) inverse_mod_coprime_exp:
assumes m: "m = p^n" and p: "prime p"
and n: "n ≠ 0" and cop: "coprime x p"
shows "M (inverse_mod x m * x) = 1"
unfolding M_def unfolding m using inverse_mod_pow[OF cop _ n] p
by (auto simp: prime_int_iff)
locale poly_mod_prime = poly_mod p for p :: int +
assumes prime: "prime p"
begin
sublocale poly_mod_2 p using prime unfolding poly_mod_2_def
using prime_gt_1_int by force
lemma square_free_m_prod_imp_coprime_m: assumes sf: "square_free_m (A * B)"
shows "coprime_m A B"
unfolding coprime_m_def
proof (intro allI impI)
fix h
assume dvd: "h dvdm A" "h dvdm B"
then obtain ha hb where *: "Mp A = Mp (h * ha)" "Mp B = Mp (h * hb)"
unfolding dvdm_def by auto
have AB: "Mp (A * B) = Mp (Mp A * Mp B)" by simp
from this[unfolded *, simplified]
have eq: "Mp (A * B) = Mp (h * h * (ha * hb))" by (simp add: ac_simps)
hence dvd_hh: "(h * h) dvdm (A * B)" unfolding dvdm_def by auto
{
assume "degree_m h ≠ 0"
from sf[unfolded square_free_m_def, THEN conjunct2, rule_format, OF this]
have "¬ h * h dvdm A * B" .
with dvd_hh have False by simp
}
hence "degree (Mp h) = 0" by auto
then obtain c where hc: "Mp h = [: c :]" by (rule degree_eq_zeroE)
{
assume "c = 0"
hence "Mp h = 0" unfolding hc by auto
with *(1) have "Mp A = 0"
by (metis Mp_0 mult_zero_left poly_mod.mult_Mp(1))
with sf[unfolded square_free_m_def, THEN conjunct1] have False
by (simp add: AB)
}
hence c0: "c ≠ 0" by auto
with arg_cong[OF hc[symmetric], of "λ f. coeff f 0", unfolded Mp_coeff M_def] m1
have "c ≥ 0" "c < p" by auto
with c0 have c_props:"c > 0" "c < p" by auto
with prime have "prime p" by simp
with c_props have "coprime p c"
by (auto intro: prime_imp_coprime dest: zdvd_not_zless)
then have "coprime c p"
by (simp add: ac_simps)
from inverse_mod_coprime[OF prime this]
obtain d where d: "M (c * d) = 1" by (auto simp: ac_simps)
show "h dvdm 1" unfolding dvdm_def
proof (intro exI[of _ "[:d:]"])
have "Mp (h * [: d :]) = Mp (Mp h * [: d :])" by simp
also have "… = Mp ([: c * d :])" unfolding hc by (auto simp: ac_simps)
also have "… = [: M (c * d) :]" unfolding Mp_def
by (metis (no_types) M_0 map_poly_pCons Mp_0 Mp_def d zero_neq_one)
also have "… = 1" unfolding d by simp
finally show "Mp 1 = Mp (h * [:d:])" by simp
qed
qed
lemma coprime_exp_mod: "coprime lu p ⟹ n ≠ 0 ⟹ lu mod p ^ n ≠ 0"
using prime by fastforce
end
context poly_mod
begin
definition Dp :: "int poly ⇒ int poly" where
"Dp f = map_poly (λ a. a div m) f"
lemma Dp_Mp_eq: "f = Mp f + smult m (Dp f)"
by (rule poly_eqI, auto simp: Mp_coeff M_def Dp_def coeff_map_poly)
lemma dvd_imp_dvdm:
assumes "a dvd b" shows "a dvdm b"
by (metis assms dvd_def dvdm_def)
lemma dvdm_add:
assumes a: "u dvdm a"
and b: "u dvdm b"
shows "u dvdm (a+b)"
proof -
obtain a' where a: "a =m u*a'" using a unfolding dvdm_def by auto
obtain b' where b: "b =m u*b'" using b unfolding dvdm_def by auto
have "Mp (a + b) = Mp (u*a'+u*b')" using a b
by (metis poly_mod.plus_Mp(1) poly_mod.plus_Mp(2))
also have "... = Mp (u * (a'+ b'))"
by (simp add: distrib_left)
finally show ?thesis unfolding dvdm_def by auto
qed
lemma monic_dvdm_constant:
assumes uk: "u dvdm [:k:]"
and u1: "monic u" and u2: "degree u > 0"
shows "k mod m = 0"
proof -
have d1: "degree_m [:k:] = degree [:k:]"
by (metis degree_pCons_0 le_zero_eq poly_mod.degree_m_le)
obtain h where h: "Mp [:k:] = Mp (u * h)"
using uk unfolding dvdm_def by auto
have d2: "degree_m [:k:] = degree_m (u*h)" using h by metis
have d3: "degree (map_poly M (u * map_poly M h)) = degree (u * map_poly M h)"
by (rule degree_map_poly)
(metis coeff_degree_mult leading_coeff_0_iff mult.right_neutral M_M Mp_coeff Mp_def u1)
thus ?thesis using assms d1 d2 d3
by (auto, metis M_def map_poly_pCons degree_mult_right_le h leD map_poly_0
mult_poly_0_right pCons_eq_0_iff M_0 Mp_def mult_Mp(2))
qed
lemma div_mod_imp_dvdm:
assumes "∃q r. b = q * a + Polynomial.smult m r"
shows "a dvdm b"
proof -
from assms obtain q r where b:"b = a * q + smult m r"
by (metis mult.commute)
have a: "Mp (Polynomial.smult m r) = 0" by auto
show ?thesis
proof (unfold dvdm_def, rule exI[of _ q])
have "Mp (a * q + smult m r) = Mp (a * q + Mp (smult m r))"
using plus_Mp(2)[of "a*q" "smult m r"] by auto
also have "... = Mp (a*q)" by auto
finally show "eq_m b (a * q)" using b by auto
qed
qed
lemma lead_coeff_monic_mult:
fixes p :: "'a :: {comm_semiring_1,semiring_no_zero_divisors} poly"
assumes "monic p" shows "lead_coeff (p * q) = lead_coeff q"
using assms by (simp add: lead_coeff_mult)
lemma degree_m_mult_eq:
assumes p: "monic p" and q: "lead_coeff q mod m ≠ 0" and m1: "m > 1"
shows "degree (Mp (p * q)) = degree p + degree q"
proof-
have "lead_coeff (p * q) mod m ≠ 0"
using q p by (auto simp: lead_coeff_monic_mult)
with m1 show ?thesis
by (auto simp: degree_m_eq intro!: degree_mult_eq)
qed
lemma dvdm_imp_degree_le:
assumes pq: "p dvdm q" and p: "monic p" and q0: "Mp q ≠ 0" and m1: "m > 1"
shows "degree p ≤ degree q"
proof-
from q0
have q: "lead_coeff (Mp q) mod m ≠ 0"
by (metis Mp_Mp Mp_coeff leading_coeff_neq_0 M_def)
from pq obtain r where Mpq: "Mp q = Mp (p * Mp r)" by (auto elim: dvdmE)
with p q have "lead_coeff (Mp r) mod m ≠ 0"
by (metis Mp_Mp Mp_coeff leading_coeff_0_iff mult_poly_0_right M_def)
from degree_m_mult_eq[OF p this m1] Mpq
have "degree p ≤ degree_m q" by simp
thus ?thesis using degree_m_le le_trans by blast
qed
lemma dvdm_uminus [simp]:
"p dvdm -q ⟷ p dvdm q"
by (metis add.inverse_inverse dvdm_smult smult_1_left smult_minus_left)
lemma Mp_const_poly: "Mp [:a:] = [:a mod m:]"
by (simp add: Mp_def M_def Polynomial.map_poly_pCons)
lemma dvdm_imp_div_mod:
assumes "u dvdm g"
shows "∃q r. g = q*u + smult m r"
proof -
obtain q where q: "Mp g = Mp (u*q)"
using assms unfolding dvdm_def by fast
have "(u*q) = Mp (u*q) + smult m (Dp (u*q))"
by (simp add: poly_mod.Dp_Mp_eq[of "u*q"])
hence uq: "Mp (u*q) = (u*q) - smult m (Dp (u*q))"
by auto
have g: "g = Mp g + smult m (Dp g)"
by (simp add: poly_mod.Dp_Mp_eq[of "g"])
also have "... = poly_mod.Mp m (u*q) + smult m (Dp g)" using q by simp
also have "... = u * q - smult m (Dp (u * q)) + smult m (Dp g)"
unfolding uq by auto
also have "... = u * q + smult m (-Dp (u*q)) + smult m (Dp g)" by auto
also have "... = u * q + smult m (-Dp (u*q) + Dp g)"
unfolding smult_add_right by auto
also have "... = q * u + smult m (-Dp (u*q) + Dp g)" by auto
finally show ?thesis by auto
qed
corollary div_mod_iff_dvdm:
shows "a dvdm b = (∃q r. b = q * a + Polynomial.smult m r)"
using div_mod_imp_dvdm dvdm_imp_div_mod by blast
lemma dvdmE':
assumes "p dvdm q" and "⋀r. q =m p * Mp r ⟹ thesis"
shows thesis
using assms by (auto simp: dvdm_def)
end
context poly_mod_2
begin
lemma factorization_m_mem_dvdm: assumes fact: "factorization_m f (c,fs)"
and mem: "Mp g ∈# image_mset Mp fs"
shows "g dvdm f"
proof -
from fact have "factorization_m f (Mf (c, fs))" by auto
then obtain l where f: "factorization_m f (l, image_mset Mp fs)" by (auto simp: Mf_def)
from multi_member_split[OF mem] obtain ls where
fs: "image_mset Mp fs = {# Mp g #} + ls" by auto
from f[unfolded fs split factorization_m_def] show "g dvdm f"
unfolding dvdm_def
by (intro exI[of _ "smult l (prod_mset ls)"], auto simp del: Mp_smult
simp add: Mp_smult(2)[of _ "Mp g * prod_mset ls", symmetric], simp)
qed
lemma dvdm_degree: "monic u ⟹ u dvdm f ⟹ Mp f ≠ 0 ⟹ degree u ≤ degree f"
using dvdm_imp_degree_le m1 by blast
end
lemma (in poly_mod_prime) pl_dvdm_imp_p_dvdm:
assumes l0: "l ≠ 0"
and pl_dvdm: "poly_mod.dvdm (p^l) a b"
shows "a dvdm b"
proof -
from l0 have l_gt_0: "l > 0" by auto
with m1 interpret pl: poly_mod_2 "p^l" by (unfold_locales, auto)
from l_gt_0 have p_rw: "p * p ^ (l - 1) = p ^ l"
by (cases l) simp_all
obtain q r where b: "b = q * a + smult (p^l) r" using pl.dvdm_imp_div_mod[OF pl_dvdm] by auto
have "smult (p^l) r = smult p (smult (p ^ (l - 1)) r)" unfolding smult_smult p_rw ..
hence b2: "b = q * a + smult p (smult (p ^ (l - 1)) r)" using b by auto
show ?thesis
by (rule div_mod_imp_dvdm, rule exI[of _ q],
rule exI[of _ "(smult (p ^ (l - 1)) r)"], auto simp add: b2)
qed
end